“…; and technology limits such as switching speed, and limits on actuation, among others. Model predictive controls are applied in cases, where optimization includes forecasted lag effect of thermal mass on various loads (Lee, Gehbauer, Coffey, McNeil, Stadler and Marnay, 2015;Gehbauer, Blum, Wang and Lee, 2020). Reinforcement learning can provide low cost alternatives, capable of adapting to building operations, over the life of its installation (Gehbauer, Rippl and Lee, 2021).…”