Integrated Optical $E$-Field Sensor for Intense Nanosecond Electromagnetic Pulse Measurement

Abstract

A lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 )-based integrated optical E-field sensor utilizing Mach-Zehnder optical waveguide interferometer and bow-tie antenna has been designed and fabricated for the detection of nanosecond intense pulsed electric field. Experimental data demonstrate that the average rise time, fall time, and pulsewidth of the input/output electromagnetic pulse (EMP) are 1.31/1.28, 3.63/3.61, and 34.19/34.25 ns, respectively. Correspondingly, the relative errors are 2.3%, 0.6%, and 0.2%, respectively. In addition, the input/output of the sensor system shows a linear relationship as the correlation coefficient between measured and fitting is 0.9991. The minimum and maximum measured EMP fields are approximately equal to 3 and 50 kV/m, respectively.Index Terms-Integrated optical sensor, bowtie antenna, lithium niobate, Mach-Zehnder (MZ) optical waveguide interferometer, intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP).

Review on sensors for electric fields near power transmission systems

“…• Evaluation of optical phase shift with Mach-Zehnder interferometers [114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121] (compare figure 13(b), which are also used in commercial systems as offered, e.g. by SRICO [122].…”

Non‐invasive measurement of intensive power‐frequency electric field using a LiNbO 3 ‐integrated optical waveguide sensor

“…However, because discrete optical components are required, the sensor structure is complex and the alignment difficulty is increased. To solve these problems, since 1980s, integrated EO electric field sensor based on optical waveguide modulator has been widely researched and developed due to the advantages of high sensitivity, compact size and broadband width [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. However, the research on integrated EO sensor is mainly focussed on how to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth in order to measure the electric field with weaker intensity (∼mV/m) and higher frequency (∼GHz) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…However, the research on integrated EO sensor is mainly focussed on how to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth in order to measure the electric field with weaker intensity (∼mV/m) and higher frequency (∼GHz) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Recently, the integrated EO sensors with bow-tie antenna, log-periodic antenna or tapered antenna have been developed for the measurement of intense electromagnetic pulse (EMP) [17][18][19]. However, bandwidth of the sensor is from hundreds of kilohertz to several gigahertz, which is not suitable for measurement of low-frequency electric field such as the power-frequency FIGURE 1 Configuration of the sensing system (PMF, polarisation maintaining fibre; IOWS, integrated optical waveguide sensor; OC, optical coupler) electric field.…”

Design of Wideband GHz Electric Field Sensor Integrated with Optical Fiber Transmission Link for Electromagnetic Pulse Signal Measurement

“…Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) measurement is of great significance in many scientific and technical fields, such as electrostatic discharge, lighting, high-power microwave (HPM), high-altitude nuclear electromagnetic pulse (HEMP), very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO), and partial discharge (PD) in high voltage engineering fields, electric field (E-field) monitoring in medical apparatuses, and ballistic control [ 1 , 2 ]. Common problems existing in power equipment, such as high-frequency transient overvoltage and partial discharge, seriously endanger the safety of power systems, and many innovative approaches have been proposed from the laboratory scale to practical application [ 3 ].…”