Integrated Plume Treatment Using Persulfate Coupled with Microbial Sulfate Reduction

Shayan, Mahsa; Thomson, Neil R.; Aravena, Ramón; Barker, James; Madsen, Eugene L.; Marchesi, Massimo; DeRito, Christopher M.; Bouchard, Daniel; Buscheck, Tim; Kolhatkar, Ravi; Daniels, E.J.

doi:10.1111/gwmr.12227

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…While the concept of coupling ISCO with EBR is accepted in practice, only a limited number of field applications have been documented. The most extensively studied application of this concept was completed within a fresh‐water aquifer at the Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Borden in Central Canada (Shayan et al, ). Shayan et al () generated a BTX plume that they subsequently treated using chemical oxidation by persulfate and EBR by sulfate reduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The in situ treatment of BTEX, MTBE, and TBA in saline groundwater

McGregor¹,

Vakili²

2019

Remediation Journal

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A pilot‐scale test was conducted in a saline aquifer to determine if a petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) plume containing benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E), xylenes (X), methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE), and tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) could be treated effectively using a sequential treatment approach that employed in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) and enhanced bioremediation (EBR). Chemical oxidants, such as persulfate, have been shown to be effective in reducing dissolved concentrations of BTEX (B + T + E + X) and additives such as MTBE and TBA in a variety of geochemical environments including saline aquifers. However, the lifespan of the oxidants in saline environments tends to be short‐lived (i.e., hours to days) with their effectiveness being limited by poor delivery, inefficient consumption by nontargeted species, and back‐diffusion processes. Similarly, the addition of electron acceptors has also been shown to be effective at reducing BTEX and associated additives in saline groundwater through EBR, however EBR can be limited by various factors similar to ISCO. To minimize the limitations of both approaches, a pilot test was carried out in a saline unconfined PHC‐impacted aquifer to evaluate the performance of an engineered, combined remedy that employed both approaches in a sequence. The PHC plume had total BTEX, MTBE, and TBA concentrations of up to 4,584; 55,182; and 1,880 μg/L, respectively. The pilot test involved injecting 13,826 L of unactivated persulfate solution (19.4 weight percent (wt.%) sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) solution into a series of injection wells installed within the PHC plume. Parameters monitored over a 700‐day period included BTEX, MTBE, TBA, sulfate, and sulfate isotope concentrations in the groundwater, and carbon and hydrogen isotopes in benzene and MTBE in the groundwater. The pilot test data indicated that the BTEX, MTBE, and TBA within the PHC plume were treated over time by both chemical oxidation and sulfate reduction. The injection of the unactivated persulfate resulted in short‐term decreases in the concentrations of the BTEX compounds, MTBE, and TBA. The mean total BTEX concentration from the three monitoring wells within the pilot‐test area decreased by up to 91%, whereas MTBE and TBA mean concentrations decreased by up to 39 and 58%, respectively, over the first 50 days postinjection in which detectable concentrations of persulfate remained in groundwater. Concentrations of the BTEX compounds, MTBE, and TBA rebounded at the Day 61 marker, which corresponded to no persulfate being detected in the groundwater. Subsequent monitoring of the groundwater revealed that the concentrations of BTEX continued to decrease with time suggesting that EBR was occurring within the plume. Between Days 51 and 487, BTEX concentrations decreased an additional 84% from the concentration measured on Day 61. Mean concentrations of MTBE showed a reduction during the EBR phase of remediation of 33% while the TBA concentration appeared to decrease initially but then increased as the sulfa...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The in situ treatment of BTEX, MTBE, and TBA in saline groundwater

McGregor¹,

Vakili²

2019

Remediation Journal

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“…Persulfate can be used alone (Watts and Teel ; Sra et al , ) or in combination with activation schemes involving chelated metals, heat, peroxide, or alkaline conditions that result in the generation of a suite of energetic species (Huang et al ; Forsey ; Liang et al , ). A potential benefit of using persulfate is that dissolved sulfate is generated from the decomposition of persulfate, which can enhance subsequent biodegradation processes that rely on sulfate reducing bacteria (Kulik et al ; Sutton et al ; Cassidy et al ; Shayan et al ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation of Benzene, Toluene, and o‐Xylene during Chemical Oxidation by Persulfate

Solano¹,

Marchesi²,

Thomson³

et al. 2017

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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Experiments were performed to investigate the carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation of benzene, toluene, and o‐xylene (BTX) during chemical oxidation by unactivated persulfate at two concentrations (8 and 20 g/L). Carbon enrichment (ϵC) values of −1.7 ± 0.1‰ for benzene, −0.64 ± 0.1‰ for toluene and −0.36 ± 0.04‰ for o‐xylene were obtained. No significant hydrogen enrichment (ϵH) was observed for benzene, while the hydrogen enrichment for toluene and o‐xylene were −20 ± 3‰ and −23 ± 2‰, respectively. The dual isotope plot (Δδ13C vs. Δδ2H) for benzene and o‐xylene revealed a distinct fractionation trend compared to the majority of the biodegradation data compiled from the literature; however, no unique trend was observed for toluene. The significant carbon and/or hydrogen enrichment, and the distinct trend observed on the dual isotope plot suggest that compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) can potentially be used to monitor the chemical oxidation of BTX by persulfate, and to distinguish treatment areas where persulfate or biodegradation reactions are occurring for benzene and o‐xylene.

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“…Bouchard et al () applied CSIA, 13 C in DIC and biomarkers to differentiate among aerobic biodegradation, anaerobic biodegradation and physical contaminant removal during air sparging. Shayan et al () made use of CSIA, 34 S in sulfate, 13 C in DIC, and biomarkers to distinguish chemical oxidation from anaerobic biodegradation following persulfate injection. Wei et al () evaluated anaerobic biodegradation after sulfate application using CSIA, 34 S in sulfate, 13 C in DIC, and biomarkers.…”

Section: Tiered Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proposed approach is based on several controlled‐release experiments (Bouchard et al. ; Shayan et al ; Wei et al ) in which these tools were tested side‐by‐side. We present selected diagnostic tools that are suitable to identity and differentiate among the removal processes and discuss their application principles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Diagnostic Tools to Evaluate Remediation Performance at Petroleum Hydrocarbon‐Impacted Sites

Bouchard¹,

Hunkeler²,

Madsen³

et al. 2018

Groundwater Monitoring Rem

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In situ treatment technologies for petroleum hydrocarbon‐impacted sites (e.g., multiphase extraction, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, or in situ chemical oxidation) usually rely on a specific chemical, microbial, or physical contaminant removal process. However, target contaminant concentrations can also vary due to other co‐occurring processes (e.g. delivery of remedial fluids, natural variability), which can confound the ability to demonstrate treatment efficiency. This technical note proposes a methodology that integrates several diagnostic tools to assess treatment performance. Stable isotope methods and biomarkers were selected because they provide process‐specific and, often, also compound‐specific information on contaminant removal. The isotope tools include compound‐specific isotope analysis that can be used to discriminate between a broad range of removal processes, and isotope analysis of oxidants and degradation end products to assess overall transformation of hydrocarbons. The biomarkers cover characteristic metabolites and functional genes on a mRNA rather than DNA level to understand biological activity more carefully. This technical note integrates information from laboratory and field studies, especially controlled‐field experiments where the tools have been evaluated side‐by‐side for different treatment methods. A tiered approach is proposed to deploy the tools in a stepwise manner until sufficient information is obtained to confidently identify the mass removal processes of interest and demonstrate efficacy of the intended treatment mechanism. The order of tool application considers the type of information that can be gained, the level of certainty, and the ease of implementation. The objective of this technical note is to enable widespread use of these diagnostic tools with the motivation to improve the efficacy of in situ treatment systems.

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Integrated Plume Treatment Using Persulfate Coupled with Microbial Sulfate Reduction

Cited by 18 publications

References 65 publications

The in situ treatment of BTEX, MTBE, and TBA in saline groundwater

The in situ treatment of BTEX, MTBE, and TBA in saline groundwater

Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation of Benzene, Toluene, and o‐Xylene during Chemical Oxidation by Persulfate

Application of Diagnostic Tools to Evaluate Remediation Performance at Petroleum Hydrocarbon‐Impacted Sites

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