Integrated study on the comprehensive magnetic-field configuration performance in the 150 kW superconducting magnetoplasmadynamic thruster

Abstract

Higher magnetic fields are always favoured in the magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT) due to its superior control of the plasma profile and acceleration process. This paper introduces the world's first integrated study on the 150 kW level AF-MPDT equipped with a superconductive coil. A completely new way of using superconducting magnet technology to confine plasma with high energy and extremely high temperatures is proposed. Using the PIC method of microscopic particle simulation, the plasma magnetic nozzle effect and performance of the MPDT under different magnetic-field conditions were studied. The integrated experiment used demonstrated that, in conjunction with the superconducting coil, greater homogeneity and a stronger magnetic field not only caused more even cathode ablation and improved its lifespan but also improved the performance of the MPDT (maximum thrust was 4 N at 150 kW, 0.56 T). Maximum thrust efficiency reached 76.6% and the specific impulse reached 5714 s.

Foundations of plasmas as ion sources

“…There has been limited technology demonstrations of MPD thrusters in flight to date, most recently through the 1996 Japanese Space Flyer Unit [83] mission. In light of a growing push for higher power concepts as well as recent innovations in superconducting magnets for applied field thrusters, there has been renewed interest in this technology [84][85][86]. A recent result reported efficiencies approaching 70% at 100 kW of operation [85].…”

Unveiling the Future: A Survey of Electric Propulsion Systems and their Pivotal Role in Shaping the Next Frontier of Space Exploration

“…Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters are leading candidates for future space missions as advanced electric propulsion systems are used in spacecraft. They offer a competitive advantage by providing high specific impulse, high thrust, and longer operational life (Zheng et al, 2021). The high specific impulse of MPD thrusters lies within the range of 2000-7000 s (Myers and Mantenieks, 1991), making it have the potential to significantly decrease the launch mass of spacecraft and also make them useful for performing maneuvers for interplanetary missions, such as heavy-lift Mars transfers.…”

“…Thrusters that rely on self-generated magnetic fields are known as self-field MPD thrusters, while those utilizing externally generated axial magnetic fields are referred to as applied-field MPD thrusters. Applied field MPD thrusters operating at lowdischarge current have received much attention in terms of research and development due to their higher magnetic fields for potential future low-earth orbit and deep space missions (Zheng et al, 2021;Balkenhohl et al, 2023). However, the erosion of the cathode has been identified as one of the limiting factors that affect the operational life of the thruster (Peng et al, 2020).…”

Investigating the impact of applied magnetic field and current on anode power deposition in AF-MPDT

“…The Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster (AF-MPDT) 1 stands as an exemplary model of electric thrusters. 2,3 It boasts a unique set of characteristics, including high specific impulse, remarkable thrust density, versatile propellant options, and scalability.…”

“…The Russian MPDT, built on second generation High Temperature Superconductors (2G HTSs), achieves a maximum magnetic field of 1 T, resulting in a 300% thrust increase and a 700% boost in efficiency when superconducting magnets are applied. 11 China's superconducting MPDT has achieved a maximum efficiency of 76.6% and a specific impulse of 5714 s. 1 Moreover, numerous research institutions in Germany [12][13][14] and New Zealand 15 have also embarked on research into superconducting MPDT.…”