Integrated Vascular Anatomy

Wilting, Jörg; Chao, Tang

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_252

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The vasculature is a truly remarkable organ. It is one of the first functional organs to form during embryogenesis and matures into a closed cardiovascular system to conduct blood flow through an intricate network of large-to medium-size vessels extending into micrometer-size capillaries, adding up to an astonishing 90,000 km in total length in adults (436,588). Apart from some exceptions (e.g., cartilage and cornea are avascular), all tissues rely on blood vessels for a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen, and on lymphatic vessels to drain and filter interstitial fluids.…”

Section: Angiogenesis: General Principles and Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endothelial Cell Metabolism

Eelen

Zeeuw

Treps

et al. 2018

Physiological Reviews

419

329

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Endothelial cells (ECs) are more than inert blood vessel lining material. Instead, they are active players in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) both in health and (life-threatening) diseases. Recently, a new concept arose by which EC metabolism drives angiogenesis in parallel to well-established angiogenic growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase-3-driven glycolysis generates energy to sustain competitive behavior of the ECs at the tip of a growing vessel sprout, whereas carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a-controlled fatty acid oxidation regulates nucleotide synthesis and proliferation of ECs in the stalk of the sprout. To maintain vascular homeostasis, ECs rely on an intricate metabolic wiring characterized by intracellular compartmentalization, use metabolites for epigenetic regulation of EC subtype differentiation, crosstalk through metabolite release with other cell types, and exhibit EC subtype-specific metabolic traits. Importantly, maladaptation of EC metabolism contributes to vascular disorders, through EC dysfunction or excess angiogenesis, and presents new opportunities for anti-angiogenic strategies. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of established as well as newly uncovered aspects of EC metabolism.

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Section: Angiogenesis: General Principles and Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, blood vessels take part in controlling systemic pH and temperature homeostasis and in mediating immune responses (reviewed in Ref. 588).…”

Section: Angiogenesis: General Principles and Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endothelial Cell Metabolism

Eelen

Zeeuw

Treps

et al. 2018

Physiological Reviews

419

329

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“…The lymphatic vascular system is composed of initial lymphatics (sinusoids, capillaries) pre-collectors, collectors, lymph nodes, and trunks [ 1 ]. Initial lymphatics take up interstitial fluid, chylomicrons, migrating cells and pathogens, and conduct them via afferent lymphatic collectors to lymph nodes [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Human Dermal Lymphatic Collectors

Hasselhof¹,

Sperling²,

Buttler³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Millions of patients suffer from lymphedema worldwide. Supporting the contractility of lymphatic collectors is an attractive target for pharmacological therapy of lymphedema. However, lymphatics have mostly been studied in animals, while the cellular and molecular characteristics of human lymphatic collectors are largely unknown. We studied epifascial lymphatic collectors of the thigh, which were isolated for autologous transplantations. Our immunohistological studies identify additional markers for LECs (vimentin, CCBE1). We show and confirm differences between initial and collecting lymphatics concerning the markers ESAM1, D2-40 and LYVE-1. Our transmission electron microscopic studies reveal two types of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the media of the collectors with dark and light cytoplasm. We observed vasa vasorum in the media of the largest collectors, as well as interstitial Cajal-like cells, which are highly ramified cells with long processes, caveolae, and lacking a basal lamina. They are in close contact with SMCs, which possess multiple caveolae at the contact sites. Immunohistologically we identified such cells with antibodies against vimentin and PDGFRα, but not CD34 and cKIT. With Next Generation Sequencing we searched for highly expressed genes in the media of lymphatic collectors, and found therapeutic targets, suitable for acceleration of lymphatic contractility, such as neuropeptide Y receptors 1, and 5; tachykinin receptors 1, and 2; purinergic receptors P2RX1, and 6, P2RY12, 13, and 14; 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors HTR2B, and 3C; and adrenoceptors α2A,B,C. Our studies represent the first comprehensive characterization of human epifascial lymphatic collectors, as a prerequisite for diagnosis and therapy.

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“…The vasculature is one of the first functional organs to form during embryogenesis and matures into a closed cardiovascular system, adding up to about 90,000 km in total length in adults (Eelen et al, 2018). Structurally, blood vessels are primarily made up of three layers: tunica interna (intima), tunica media (media), and tunica externa (adventitia), which is a network of connective tissue, including collagen fibers, fibroblasts, vasa vasorum, nerve endings, progenitor/stem cells, myofibroblasts, pericytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells et al (Moos et al, 2005;Hu and Xu, 2011;Campbell et al, 2012;Wilting and Chao, 2015;Halper, 2018;Zhang Y. et al, 2018); while lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled vessels of approximately 30-80 µm in diameter, composed of a single layer of oak-leaf-shaped lymphatic ECs that differ in many ways from blood vascular ECs (Alitalo, 2011). Almost all tissues, except for cartilage, cornea and lens et al, in the body rely on blood vessels for a continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen, and on lymphatic vessels to collect excess proteinrich fluid that has extravasated from blood vessels and transport it back into blood circulation, and these vessels provide gateways for immune surveillance (Alitalo, 2011;Potente et al, 2011;Eelen et al, 2018).…”

Section: Blood Vessels and Vascular Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Migrasome and Tetraspanins in Vascular Homeostasis: Concept, Present, and Future

Zhang

Wang

Ding³

et al. 2020

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Cell migration plays a critical role in vascular homeostasis. Under noxious stimuli, endothelial cells (ECs) migration always contributes to vascular repair, while enhanced migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) will lead to pathological vascular remodeling. Moreover, vascular activities are involved in communication between ECs and VSMCs, between ECs and immune cells, et al. Recently, Ma et al. (2015) discovered a novel migration-dependent organelle "migrasome," which mediated release of cytoplasmic contents, and this process was defined as "migracytosis." The formation of migrasome is precisely regulated by tetraspanins (TSPANs), cholesterol and integrins. Migrasomes can be taken up by neighboring cells, and migrasomes are distributed in many kinds of cells and tissues, such as in blood vessel, human serum, and in ischemic brain of human and mouse. In addition, the migrasome elements TSPANs are wildly expressed in cardiovascular system. Therefore, TSPANs, migrasomes and migracytosis might play essential roles in regulating vascular homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the discoveries of migration-dependent migrasome and migracytosis, migrasome formation, the basic differences between migrasomes and exosomes, the distributions and functions of migrasome, the functions of migrasome elements TSPANs in vascular biology, and discuss the possible roles of migrasomes and migracytosis in vascular homeostasis.

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Integrated Vascular Anatomy

Cited by 6 publications

References 63 publications

Endothelial Cell Metabolism

Endothelial Cell Metabolism

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Human Dermal Lymphatic Collectors

Migrasome and Tetraspanins in Vascular Homeostasis: Concept, Present, and Future

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