“…Thermal radiation dominates the heat-transfer processes in combustion or high-temperature gasification. , To give accurate prediction of the radiative heat source/sink distribution in a concerned space, much effort has been done and many models, including the discrete transfer radiation model, the P–N radiation model, the Rosseland radiation model, the surface-to-surface radiation model, and the discrete ordinates radiation model, have been developed by researchers worldwide to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE), where I r is the radiation intensity, r⃗ is the position vector, s⃗ is the direction vector, s denotes the beam path length, a r is the absorption coefficient, σ s is the scattering coefficient, n r is the refractive index, σ r is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, s⃗ ′ denotes the scattering direction vector. Θ is the phase function, and Ω′ denotes the solid angle.…”