Integrating ecosystem services into conservation strategies for freshwater and marine habitats: a review

Abstract

ABSTRACT1. Over the last two decades, there has been increasing public and political recognition of society's dependency upon natural habitat complexity and ecological processes to sustain provision of crucial ecosystem services, ranging from supplying potable water through to climate regulation. How has the ecosystem-services perspective been integrated into strategies for aquatic habitat conservation?2. Literature on conservation of diverse freshwater and marine habitats was reviewed to assess the extent to which past and current strategies specifically targeted ecosystem services, and considered ecosystem functions, potential trade-offs and social issues when formulating protection measures for conserving aquatic habitats.3. Surprisingly few published examples exist where comprehensive assessment of ecosystem services supported development of conservation plans. Seldom were aquatic habitat conservation objectives framed in terms of balancing trade-offs, assessing social values and evaluating suites of ecosystem services under different strategies. Time frames for achieving these objectives were also rarely specified. There was no evidence for fundamental differences between marine and freshwater habitats with respect to their ecosystem services that should be considered when setting targets for their conservation.4. When an ecosystem-service perspective is used for setting objectives in aquatic habitat conservation, the following actions are recommended: (1) explicitly listing and evaluating full suites of ecosystem services to be conserved; (2) identifying current and future potential trade-offs arising from conservation; (3) specifying time frames within which particular strategies might protect or enhance desired services; and (4) predicting how different proposed strategies might affect each ecosystem function, service flow and public benefit.5. This approach will help ensure that less-apparent ecosystem services (e.g. regulating, supporting) and their associated ecosystem functions receive adequate recognition and protection in aquatic conservation of freshwater and marine habitats. However, conservation objectives should not focus solely on protecting or enhancing ecosystem services but complement current strategies targeting biodiversity and other conservation goals.

Flow intermittence and ecosystem services in rivers of the Anthropocene

“…Ecosystem services are benefits people obtain that are directly attributable to the ecological functioning of ecosystems (De Groot, Wilson, & Boumans, ). Applying this perspective to ecosystem management helps practitioners formulate environmental policies, set management priorities and restore or conserve ecosystems (Boulton, Ekebom, & Gíslason, ; Seidl, ). The “cascade model” (Haines‐Young & Potschin, ) shows how biophysical structures and ecological processes support ecosystem functions whose outputs are transferred as services that are defined and valued socio‐economically (Figure ).…”

“…CICES recognizes three broad categories of services: provisioning, regulating and cultural. The category of “supporting services” originally defined in the MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) () is considered as part of the underlying structures, processes and functions that characterize ecosystems to avoid “double‐counting” ecosystem services (Boulton et al., ).…”

A new method for assessing river ecosystem services and its application to rivers in Scotland with and without nature conservation designations

“…Many areas with near‐natural landscapes and high biodiversity are afforded protection using nature conservation designations, but to date only limited research has been conducted to determine whether such protection at the landscape scale has the added benefit of offering long‐term protection against the loss of ecosystem services (Boulton, Ekebom, & Gislason, ; DeFries, Hansen, Turner, Reid, & Liu, ; Hummel et al, ). García‐Márquez et al .…”

Catchment zoning to enhance co‐benefits and minimize trade‐offs between ecosystem services and freshwater biodiversity conservation

“…The contribution of this study is especially relevant given the limited attention that the integration of ESs and landscape planning in freshwater systems has received (Boulton et al, ; Martínez‐Harms et al, ), the increasing threats to these systems worldwide that compromise the future persistence and access to ESs provided by freshwater ecosystems (Vörösmarty et al, ), and the importance of freshwater ESs for human well‐being (e.g. freshwater provision; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), ).…”