Integrating Effects of Human Physiology, Psychology, and Individual Variations on Satiety–An Exploratory Study

Abstract

Satiety can influence food intake, and as a consequence has the potential to affect weight and obesity. Human factors such as physiology and psychology are likely to be important in determining satiety. However, it is not well-understood how these factors (individual variations) alone or combined contribute to satiety feelings. In addition, there have been limited or no attempts to use a holistic approach to evaluate satiety. In this study, three plant-based foods were used as mid-morning snack for 52 participants to evaluate satiety response (during three consecutive days, one-day-one-food type). The foods were served ad libitum until participants felt comfortably full prior to satiety monitoring. The study explored diverse human factors (n = 30) that might contribute to satiety including those related to oral physiology, metabolic factors, body composition and psychology. It identified important variables for satiety as well as the interactions among them and the influences of age, gender, and low satiety phenotype (consistently lower reported fullness scores) on satiety. Overall, combinations of factors rather than individual ones contributed to self-reported satiety. Food factors (e.g., type, composition) had limited effects, but there were only three types used in the study. The combination of metabolic factors [respiratory quotient, age, and body energy usage type (e.g., carbohydrate or fat)], oral sensitivity & processing, personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism), and eating behavior (e.g., emotional and external eating) were the most important for explaining individual satiety responses. Older participants had significantly higher reported satiety than younger participants, associated with significant differences in oral physiology, increased body fat, and mature psychological characters. Moreover, different satiety phenotypes had significant differences in relationships with body fat, oral physiology, personalities, food neophobia, and eating behaviors. The results of this study indicate that much greater insights into the factors determining satiety responses can be obtained by combining multiple food and human physiological and psychological characteristics. This study used more diverse measures of individual variation than previous studies of satiety and points the way toward a more holistic approach to understanding the (control of) perceptions of fullness at both individual and group levels.

Effects of Low and High Doses of Aspirin on Inflammatory Markers in Diabesity Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study

“…Various experimental and clinical studies have unequivocally demonstrated that adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and pancreas exhibit inflammation in individuals with obesity and T2DM. Macrophages infiltrate these tissues in animal models of obesity and diabetes and with metabolic syndrome or T2DM [ 3 , 4 ].…”

“…Various experimental and clinical studies have unequivocally demonstrated that adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and pancreas exhibit inflammation in individuals with obesity and T2DM. Macrophages infiltrate these tissues in animal models of obesity and diabetes and with metabolic syndrome or T2DM [3,4]. Serum inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), are increased in obese individuals, suggesting that diabesity can be characterized as an inflammatory condition [5,6].…”

Insights into the constellating drivers of satiety impacting dietary patterns and lifestyle

“…It is crucial to take into account the impacts of both individual and food variances for holistic studies that concentrate on the study of human satiety responses to foods. Multiple domains (physiology, psychology, eating and type of food) must be taken into account in order to comprehend the factors that influence perceived satiety, and there are significant individual variations that are in part influenced by external and internal factors ( 14 ). Therefore, it is essential to analyze the physiological as well as behavioral aspects to completely understand the role of satiety and satiation in individual eating behavior.…”