“…Historically, most of the HTN planning research has focused on specific application domains. Examples include production-line scheduling [Wilkins, 1988], crisis management and logistics [Currie and Tate, 1991, Tate et al, 1994, Biundo and Schattenberg, 2001], planning and scheduling for spacecraft [Aarup et al, 1994, Estlin et al, 1997, equipment configuration [Agosta, 1995], manufacturability analysis [Hebbar et al, 1996, Smith et al, 1997, evacuation planning , and the game of bridge [Smith et al, 1998a, Smith et al, 1998b. However, there are several domain-independent HTN planning systems, such as Nonlin [Tate, 1977], Sipe-2 [Wilkins, 1990], OPlan [Currie andTate, 1991, Tate et al, 1994], UMCP [Erol et al, 1994], SHOP [Nau et al, 1999], ASHOP [Dix et al, 2003, Dix et al, 2002, and SHOP2 [Nau et al, 2001].…”