“…Academics worldwide have discussed using LOTS and HOTS to improve language learning, course design and assessment (Alfarisy et al , 2023; Astrid et al , 2022; Balfaqeeh and Hassan, 2017; Erdiana and Panjaitan, 2023; Han, 2022; Hubers, 2022; Jin, 2020; Johansson, 2020; Kholifiatin et al , 2019; Kosasih et al , 2022; Muhayimana et al , 2022; Nair et al , 2019; Obenchain and Ives, 2006; Othman et al , 2016; Prakash and Litoriya, 2022; Shalaby and Mitry, 2017; Tsaparlis, 2020; Valentová et al , 2021; Yamat et al , 2019). Over and above the facts that HOTS help learners develop critical thinking, logical and analytical skills, it is to be understood that these thinking functions work independently rather than based on previous knowledge.…”