Integrating toxin gene expression, growth and fumonisin B ₁ and B ₂ production by a strain of Fusarium verticillioides under different environmental factors

Abstract

The objective of this study was to integrate data on the effect of water activity (a w ; 0.995-0.93) and temperature (20-358C) on activation of the biosynthetic FUM genes, growth and the mycotoxins fumonisin (FB 1 , FB 2 ) by Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. The relative expression of nine biosynthetic cluster genes (FUM1, FUM7, FUM10, FUM11, FUM12, FUM13, FUM14, FUM16 and FUM19) in relation to the environmental factors was determined using a microarray analysis. The expression was related to growth and phenotypic FB 1 and FB 2 production. These data were used to develop a mixed-growthassociated product formation model and link this to a linear combination of the expression data for the nine genes. The model was then validated by examining datasets outside the model fitting conditions used (358C). The relationship between the key gene (FUM1) and other genes in the cluster (FUM11, FUM13, FUM9, FUM14) were examined in relation to a w , temperature, FB 1 and FB 2 production by developing ternary diagrams of relative expression. This model is important in developing an integrated systems approach to develop prevention strategies to control fumonisin biosynthesis in staple food commodities and could also be used to predict the potential impact that climate change factors may have on toxin production.

Combined effects of benomyl and environmental factors on growth and expression of the fumonisin biosynthetic genes FUM1 and FUM19 by Fusarium verticillioides

“…The expression of these genes seems to be co-regulated (Proctor et al, 1999(Proctor et al, , 2003. FUM1 encodes a polyketide synthase (Proctor et al, 1999) which catalyzes the initial step in fumonisin biosynthesis (Bojja et al, 2004) and its expression appears to be positively correlated with fumonisin production in F. verticillioides (López-Errasquín et al, 2007;Medina et al, 2013). In the case of FUM19, this gene is located about 35 kb downstream of FUM1 and encodes an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter involved in extracellular export of fumonisins (Proctor et al, 2003).…”

“…Temperature and water potential are the main factors affecting fungal growth and mycotoxin production (Charmley et al, 1994;Magan, 2007) and produce characteristic patterns of response depending on the fungal species considered. Interactions between these two factors have been shown to limit the ability of this species to grow and produce FB 1 (Jurado et al, 2008;Marín et al, 2010b;Medina et al, 2013). Under changing climatic conditions these environmental factors may be transient or more permanent in certain regions (Miraglia et al, 2009).…”

Screening survey of co-production of fusaric acid, fusarin C, and fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 by Fusarium strains grown in maize grains

“…It is noticeable that some health risks might be left behind since fusaric acid, fusarin C and FB 3 may co-occur and interact with FB 1 and FB 2 . Since fungal strain specificity and growing media were diversely observed (Mogensen et al 2009;Schmidt-Heydt et al 2011;Medina et al 2013;Nazari et al 2014), the present study was designed to screen the ability of fungal strains isolated from maize in Belgium to produce fusarin C, fusaric acid, FB 1 , FB 2 and FB 3 . It also reports the isolation and characterisation works for fusarin C standard solution.…”

Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Concentrations in a Moderately Resistant Winter Wheat Cultivar Under Different Nutrient Regimes

“…According to Waśkiewicz et al (2012Waśkiewicz et al ( , 2013 and Czembor et al (2015), fumonisins (FBs) are produced mainly by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. The optimal weather conditions for the key producers of DON (F. culmorum and F. graminearum) and FBs (F. verticillioides) differ from the optimal conditions for the synthesis of those mycotoxins (Medina et al, 2013). In an in vitro study by Savi et al (2013), zinc compounds (zinc sulfate ZnSO4 and zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnO-NP) had a fungistatic effect on F. verticillioides and inhibited FBs accumulation.…”