Integration of Blockchain Technology and Federated Learning in Vehicular (IoT) Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Javed, Abdul Rehman; Hassan, Muhammad Abul; Shahzad, Faisal; Ahmed, Waqas; Singh, Saurabh; Baker, Thar; Gadekallu, Thippa Reddy

doi:10.3390/s22124394

Cited by 106 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…Blockchain is regarded as a secure, trusted, and decentralized solution. Javed et al [ 96 ] provided a comprehensive survey of blockchain and federated learning applications on vehicular networks. Jabbar et al [ 97 ] compared the application of blockchain technology in intelligent transportation system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Testing for Automotive Domain: A Survey

Luo

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Modern vehicles are more complex and interconnected than ever before, which also means that attack surfaces for vehicles have increased significantly. Malicious cyberattacks will not only exploit personal privacy and property, but also affect the functional safety of electrical/electronic (E/E) safety-critical systems by controlling the driving functionality, which is life-threatening. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct cybersecurity testing on vehicles to reveal and address relevant security threats and vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity standards and regulations issued in recent years, such as ISO/SAE 21434 and UNECE WP.29 regulations (R155 and R156), also emphasize the indispensability of cybersecurity verification and validation in the development lifecycle but lack specific technical details. Thus, this paper conducts a systematic and comprehensive review of the research and practice in the field of automotive cybersecurity testing, which can provide reference and advice for automotive security researchers and testers. We classify and discuss the security testing methods and testbeds in automotive engineering. Furthermore, we identify gaps and limitations in existing research and point out future challenges.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cybersecurity Testing for Automotive Domain: A Survey

Luo

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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“…A newly published survey examining the use of blockchain and federated learning (FL) as emerging technologies to solve security problems in IoV is presented in [112]. FL by its Distributed Learning (DL) capability and Arti cial Intelligence (AI) based computation can be a good solution for provision of privacy protection in IoV.…”

Section: Current Surveys and Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FL can be a good solution to protect IoV privacy system availability by reducing communication overhead. Data confidentiality can be achieved through the use of blockchain [112]. (ii) System architecture complexity: most IoV security proposals do not take into account the complexity of the system communication architecture such as switching a vehicle between two RSUs or communicating between two vehicles connected to different RSUs.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Architecture, Protocols, and Security in IoV: Taxonomy, Analysis, Challenges, and Solutions

Karim

Habbal

Chaudhry

et al. 2022

Security and Communication Networks

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Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a multinode network that exchanges information in an open, wireless environment. Various communication activities exist between IoV entities to share important information such as (ID, location, speed, messages, and traffic information), necessary for network operation. As part of intelligent transportation, IoV is considered a hot subject for researchers, because it is still facing many unresolved challenges, especially those concerning security and privacy. The variation of security-privacy threats that can menace the safety, privacy, and lives of vehicle occupants makes security the leading point of interest. The development of communication protocols for autonomous vehicles opens to us new issues to study and enhance the performance of IoV networks in terms of security and privacy. Several works have been reported, proposing many solutions for practical security challenges including a considerable number of survey-review papers published in respectable channels. The main motive of this review paper is to present the latest developments related to IoV security, as well as to address existing limitations. The high frequency of publication on IoV architecture, security, and new solutions leads us to write a compact, comprehensive, and up-to-date review. Inclusion criteria for selected papers include recent publications, number of citations, and impact of the research. In the present survey paper, the IoV architecture model is defined with all related communication types, and security and privacy issues are analyzed and presented with recently proposed solutions in a clear method. Clear classifications of threats, attacks, protocols, and solutions are presented. Moreover, the use of blockchain-based IoV to improve system security is discussed highlighting the most important trends and taxonomies. The paper was written to be a candidate as the first to read on the topic of the IoV security challenge, presenting problems and solutions in a clear, smooth, complete, and integrated manner.

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“…Vehicles are thus intelligent objects that share and exchange information with each other and/or with other connected objects. Vehicle-to-object (V2X) communication enables the creation of a multitude services for the intelligent transport ecosystem [ 16 ]. In V2X, security and trust are two essential elements because the manipulated data can be subject to attacks.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trust-Based Smart Contract for Automated Agent to Agent Communication

Mhamdi

Soufiene

Zouinkhi

et al. 2022

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience

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Blockchain technology is now regarded as one of the most interesting and possibly innovative technologies. It enables information to be stored and exchanged securely and transparently without the need for a centralized authority to regulate it. Some of the primary benefits of this technology are the atomicity of the stored data. Given its features, this technology has the potential to provide answers to challenges encountered in a very sensitive sector, namely, Internet of Vehicles (IoV). In IoV, vehicles and service providers autonomously capture and produce data without human intervention. This exchanged data must meet certain criteria such as decentralization, automation, security, and stakeholder trust management. To overcome these challenges, the integration of blockchain technology and multi-agent systems is a key solution. Based on smart contracts, the proposed solution consists of exploiting role-based access control (RBAC) and attribute-based access control (ABAC) techniques. This solution removes the central authority (CA) to reduce maintenance costs and eliminate legacy threats from centralized systems. The results, obtained from consumption costs, show that the developed platform is characterized by security, availability, and privacy.

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Integration of Blockchain Technology and Federated Learning in Vehicular (IoT) Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Cited by 106 publications

References 165 publications

Cybersecurity Testing for Automotive Domain: A Survey

Cybersecurity Testing for Automotive Domain: A Survey

Architecture, Protocols, and Security in IoV: Taxonomy, Analysis, Challenges, and Solutions

Trust-Based Smart Contract for Automated Agent to Agent Communication

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