Integration of energy flow modelling in life cycle assessment of electric vehicle battery repurposing: Evaluation of multi-use cases and comparison of circular business models

Challenges and recent developments in supply and value chains of electric vehicle batteries: A sustainability perspective

“…Results showed that battery repurposing can achieve significant carbon emission benefits, but that there are clear break-even points in terms of remaining storage capacity and module retention rate at the end of the first life. Still on the topic of end-of-life repurposing for second life applications, Schulz-Mönninghoff et al (2021) turned their attention to how to correctly take into account the combination of different battery storage applications in multi-use second life scenarios. A novel life cycle assessment framework was proposed, and its application to a German case study was tested.…”

Future greenhouse gas emissions of automotive lithium-ion battery cell production

“…Current studies find quite diverging battery impacts (Ellingsen et al, 2017;Peters et al, 2017;Peters and Weil, 2018). This is due to the use of different data and assumptions on battery performance and compositions (Mohr et al, 2020), battery production processes, geographical scope (Kelly et al, 2020), and life cycle inventory (LCI) information (Ciez and Whitacre, 2019;Spangenberger et al, 2018), and environmental impact assessment methodologies (Schulz-Mönninghoff et al, 2021), amongst others. All these factors can lead to questionable conclusions on the magnitude of environmental impacts of battery production.…”

Environmental Benefit Assessment of Second-Life Use of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries in Multiple Scenarios Considering Performance Degradation and Economic Value

“…The replacement rates (R) of the LIB cells and modules are assumed to be 10%. 10 LCA details for operating a battery are provided in Section S4.…”