Integration of Physical, Genetic, and Cytogenetic Mapping Data for Cellulose Synthase (CesA) Genes in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Abstract

Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., is a valuable multi-purpose plant, and currently, its genome is being extensively investigated. Nevertheless, mapping of genes in flax genome is still remaining a challenging task. The cellulose synthase (CesA) multigene family involving in the process of cellulose synthesis is especially important for metabolism of this fiber crop. For the first time, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)-based chromosomal localization of the CesA conserved fragment (KF011584.1), 5S, and 26S rRNA genes was performed in landrace, oilseed, and fiber varieties of L. usitatissimum. Intraspecific polymorphism in chromosomal distribution of KF011584.1 and 5S DNA loci was revealed, and the generalized chromosome ideogram was constructed. Using BLAST analysis, available data on physical/genetic mapping and also whole-genome sequencing of flax, localization of KF011584.1, 45S, and 5S rRNA sequences on genomic scaffolds, and their anchoring to the genetic map were conducted. The alignment of the results of FISH and BLAST analyses indicated that KF011584.1 fragment revealed on chromosome 3 could be anchored to linkage group (LG) 11. The common LG for 45S and 5S rDNA was not found probably due to the polymorphic localization of 5S rDNA on chromosome 1. Our findings indicate the complexity of integration of physical, genetic, and cytogenetic mapping data for multicopy gene families in plants. Nevertheless, the obtained results can be useful for future progress in constructing of integrated physical/genetic/cytological maps in L. usitatissimum which are essential for flax breeding.

Molecular Cytogenetics of Pisum sativum L. Grown under Spaceflight-Related Stress

“…For FISH, the modified technique of chromosome spread preparation from pea root tips was applied [39]. The seeds were germinated in Petri dishes on the moist filter paper at room temperature.…”

Genes Associated with the Flax Plant Type (Oil or Fiber) Identified Based on Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing Data

“…In addition, studies have identified and characterized particular gene families that likely participate in flax plant processes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of lignin (4CLs encode 4-coumarate:CoA ligases; C3 Hs encode p-coumarate 3-hydroxylases; C4Hs encode cinammate 4-hydroxylases; CADs encode cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases; CCRs encode cinnamoyl CoA reductases; CCoAOMTs encode affeoyl CoA 3-Omethyltransferases; COMTs encode caffeate/5-hydroxyferulate O-methyl-transferases; F5Hs encode 5-hydroxylases; HCTs encode hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferases; and PALs encode phenylalanine ammonia-lyases) [53,56] and other cell wall components (CTLs encode chitinase-like proteins; BGALs encode β-galactosidaselike proteins; TUBs encode tubulins; CESAs encode cellulose synthases; RGLs encode rhamnogalacturonan lyases; and ACTs encode actins) [42,[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64], the biosynthesis of lignans (DIRs encode dirigent proteins; PLRs encode pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases; and UGTs encode UDP-glycosyltransferases) [65][66][67][68], biosynthesis of fatty acids (FADs encode fatty acid desaturases and SADs encode stearoyl-ACP desaturases) [69][70][71][72], and the transport of ions, lipids, and carbohydrates (ABCs encode ATP binding cassette transporters and HMAs encode heavy metal-associated proteins) [73]. However, it is still not clear which genes from particular families play key roles in the determination of important flax plant characteristics, which polymorphisms have the greatest impact on agronomic traits, and how gene expression affects the manifestation of a trait.…”

Novel dye for detection of callus embryo by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy

“…Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important crop plant of the Linaceae family. It is grown for various industrial applications (mostly as oil and fibre sources) and is extensively grown for utilization in food production, industry, and medicine . Red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) of the bean family is a valuable forage legume that reduces pollution of soil, water and atmosphere by chemical nitrogen consumption and reduces dependence on fossil fuels .…”