Intellectual Impairment in Children With Blood Lead Concentrations Below 10 μg per Deciliter

Canfield, Richard L.; Henderson, Charles; Cory‐Slechta, Deborah A.; Cox, Christopher; Jusko, Todd A.; Lanphear, Bruce P.

doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000083449.93960.d0

Cited by 276 publications

(409 citation statements)

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“…Immunotoxicity is persistent following early exposure, and, depending upon the timing (the critical window) of exposure, different combinations of juvenile and adult immune changes will result. Immune sensitivities appear to be comparable to those reported for the neurological system (Canfield et al, 2003;Dietert et al, 2003). Rodent data suggest that early exposures to lead (producing blood lead levels of <8 μg/dl at or near birth) are associated with subsequent immunotoxicity (Snyder et al, 2000;Bunn et al, 2001b;Dietert et al, 2003;Luebke et al, 2004).…”

Section: Consequences Of Exposuressupporting

confidence: 63%

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Liu

Xia

Guo

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The urinary metabolites of phthalates are well-accepted exposure biomarkers for adults and children older than 6 years but are not commonly used for infants owing to non-convenient sampling. In the light of this situation, a novel sampling method based on monitoring the urine expressed from the gel diaper was developed. The urine was expressed from the gel absorbent after mixing the absorbent with CaCl2 and then collected by a laboratory-made device; the urinary phthalate metabolites were extracted and cleaned using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry. To evaluate the method's feasibility, the following factors were investigated: the proportion of CaCl2 to gel absorbent, the urination volume variation and the target compounds' deposition bias in the diaper, the matrix blank of the different diaper brands, the storage stabilities and the recoveries of creatinine and phthalate metabolites in the expressed urine. Mono-methyl phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate were involved. 70-80% of the urine can be expressed from the diaper, and the expressed spiking recoveries and the limit of detection of mono-phthalates ranged from 88.5-115% and 0.21-0.50 ng/ml. The method was applied to measure phthalate metabolites in 65 gel diaper samples from 15 infants, and the pilot data suggests the infants are commonly exposed to phthalates. In summary, the method for monitoring of infant exposure to phthalates is sound and validated, and the potential health effects from the vulnerable infants' exposure to phthalates should be concerned.39th Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (SRF for ROCS); Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams [KZCX2-YW-T08

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Section: Consequences Of Exposuressupporting

confidence: 63%

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Liu

Xia

Guo

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Especially in the inner cities and among minorities an alarmingly high percentage of children register blood lead levels that exceed the allowable limits set forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Kemp et al, 2007;Mielke, 1999;Pirkle et al, 1998). Coupled with a compelling literature on developmental low-level lead-induced disturbance in cognitive function (Bellinger, 2006;Canfield et al, 2003), it is becoming increasingly apparent that a range of behaviors impacted by such early lead exposure may extend to include drug selection and use, and potentially may affect matters relating to addiction. For instance, developmental lead exposure has been shown to increase the acquisition and maintenance of cocaine self-administration at low doses of the drug when animals are tested as adults Valles et al, 2005), and it increases the likelihood of relapse in a cocaine self-administration setting (Nation et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental lead exposure alters methamphetamine self-administration in the male rat: Acquisition and reinstatement

Rocha

Valles

Bratton

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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The rate of acquisition of drug self-administration and the return to drug seeking are important elements of the overall drug profile, and are essential factors in understanding risks associated with drug abuse. Experiment 1 examined the effects of perinatal (gestation/lactation) lead exposure on adult rates of acquisition of intravenous (i.v.) methamphetamine self-administration. Experiment 2 investigated the effects of perinatal lead exposure on drug-maintained responding in a reinstatement (relapse) paradigm. In Experiment 1, female rats were gavaged daily with 0 or 16-mg lead for 30 days prior to breeding with nonexposed males. Lead exposure continued through gestation and lactation and was discontinued at weaning (postnatal day [PND] 21). Male rats born to control or lead-exposed dams were tested daily as adults in an acquisition paradigm that incorporated both Pavlovian and operant components. An initial 3-hr autoshaping period preceded a 3-hr selfadministration period. For 35 daily training sessions i.v. methamphetamine infusions [inf] (0.02 mg/ kg) were paired with the extension and retraction of a lever (autoshaping), while inf occurred during self-administration only when a lever press was executed (FR-1). In Experiment 2 animals developmentally exposed to lead were trained on a FR-2 to self-administer methamphetamine (0.04 mg/kg/inf) and then placed on an extinction schedule prior to receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) priming injections of saline, 0.50, 1.00, or 1.50 mg/kg methamphetamine. The findings from Experiment 1 showed that acquisition was delayed in rats born to lead-exposed dams gavaged daily with 16-mg lead throughout gestation and lactation when a 0.02 mg/kg/inf of methamphetamine served as the reinforcement outcome. Additional data from Experiment 2 indicated priming cues (injections of methamphetamine [i.p.]) administered after extinction were less likely to occasion a return to drug seeking (relapse) in the 16-mg group relative to the 0-mg control group. These results suggest perinatal lead exposure alters patterns of methamphetamine self-administration during the adult cycle.

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“…Lead has a demonstrated negative impact on child health, causing cognitive and behavioral impairments (CDC, 2002), even at blood levels below 10 mg/dl (Canfield et al, 2003). In 2001, the US Environmental Protection Agency defined a soil lead hazard in areas of child play as soil lead concentration measured at 400 parts per million or higher (US EPA, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

Schaefer

Vicario

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Childrens' touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards were measured using video observations. Descriptions were made of childrens' outdoor residential play environments. Behaviors assessed were used to examine (1) validity of parental responses to questions on childrens' oral behaviors and outdoor play and (2) relationships of mouthing behaviors to blood lead levels (BLLs). Thirty-seven children aged 1-5 years were recruited for 2 h of video recording in their yard and blood lead measurement. Video assessments included hourly rates of hand touches to ground/ walking-level surfaces (cement/stone/steel, porch floor/steps, grass, and bare soil) and oral behaviors. Parental questionnaires assessed their child's outdoor activities, behaviors, and home environment. The children were: mean 39 months; 51% male; 89% Hispanic; and 78% Medicaid or uninsured. Twenty-two children had a blood lead measured (mean 6 mg/dl). During taping, all children had access to cement, 92% to grass, 73% to bare soil, and 59% to an open porch. Children had frequent touching and mouthing behaviors observed (median touches/h: touches to surfaces 81; hand-to-mouth area (with and without food) 26; hand-in-mouth 7; and object-in-mouth 17). Blood lead was directly correlated with log-transformed rates of hand-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r ¼ 0.564, n ¼ 22, P ¼ 0.006) and object-in-mouth (Pearson's correlation, r ¼ 0.482, n ¼ 22, P ¼ 0.023) behaviors. Parental questionnaire responses did not accurately reflect childrens' observed oral behaviors, play habits, or play environment. These data confirm the direct relationship between hand-to-mouth activities and BLLs and fail to validate parental perceptions of their child's mouthing behaviors or outdoor play environment.

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Intellectual Impairment in Children With Blood Lead Concentrations Below 10 μg per Deciliter

Cited by 276 publications

References 0 publications

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Developmental lead exposure alters methamphetamine self-administration in the male rat: Acquisition and reinstatement

Relationships of video assessments of touching and mouthing behaviors during outdoor play in urban residential yards to parental perceptions of child behaviors and blood lead levels

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