Intelligent 2-Dimensional Soft Decision Enabled by K-Means Clustering for VCSEL-Based 112-Gbps PAM-4 and PAM-8 Optical Interconnection

Sun, Lin; Du, Jiangbing; Liu, Jiacheng; Chen, Bin; Xu, Ke; Liu, Bo; Lu, Chao; He, Zuyuan

doi:10.1109/jlt.2019.2946920

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…WUT-VIS [50] NTU [48] Corning-NTU -NYCU [49] GIT [45] NTU [46] SJTU [43] SJTU [42] SU [41] NTU [40] GIT-CUT [39] NTU [38] Finisar [35] Huawei-Keysight [37] CUT [34] Panduit [33] CUT [31] Huawei [47] Huawei [32] CUT [30] [40]. In BtB and 300-m OM4 MMF conditions, the data rates of the PAM-4 transmission can be respectively obtained as 64 Gbit/s and 48 Gbit/s [40].…”

Section: Wut-vis [36]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2019, Zhang and co-workers used 850-nm VCSEL to perform the PAM-4 transmission at 137 Gbit/s over the 40-cm optical backplane [41]. Sun et al proposed a novel 2-dimensional (2D) soft decision method to improve the data rate of the PAM-4 transmission carried by the 850-nm VCSEL to 112 Gbit/s [42]. Moreover, the same group further added the equalization technology to perform the PAM-4 transmission at 100 Gbit/s over 100-m MMF [43].…”

Section: Wut-vis [36]mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of VCSELs for Complex Data-Format Transmission Beyond 100-Gbit/s

Cheng

Su³

et al. 2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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The developing progress on the structural design and data algorithms to enable the vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for transmitting multiple complex data formats beyond 100-Gbit/s has been reviewed in this paper. Up to now, academic and industrial institutions still keep their research pace on studying how to improve the allowable data rate of various data formats carried by the VCSEL device. Persistent efforts are endeavored not only to achieve the IEEE802.3 standards for data center applications but also to initiate the new era of wired and wireless network coverage. To date, the highest allowable data rates of the single-VCSEL-based optical link for transmitting the NRZ-OOK format at 80 Gbit/s in the BtB case, the PAM-4 format at 168 Gbit/s over 150-m OM5 MMF, and the QAM-OFDM format at 224 Gbit/s in the BtB case have been achieved in 2021. For the high-level complex data-format transmission with rigorous demand of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), this work demonstrates the most up-to-date 32-ray quadrature amplitude modulation generalized frequency division multiplexing (32-QAM GFDM) data algorithm with optimized amplitude and K value for encoding the multimode (MM) VCSEL. To achieve the higher spectral-usage efficiency based on the SNR spectrum for maximal transmission data rate, the bit-loading discrete multi-tone (DMT) technique is implemented by rearranging each subcarrier to the appropriate QAM levels. By utilizing 32-QAM GFDM and bit-loading DMT, the maximal data rate in the back-to-back case could respectively achieve 119.5 Gbit/s and 130 Gbit/s when operating the MM VCSEL at 55 o C. After propagating through OM5 MM fiber (MMF), the transmission capacity of the VCSEL operated at 55 o C would decrease to 93.8 Gbit/s for 32-QAM GFDM and 83 Gbit/s for bit-loading DMT owing to the modal dispersion in OM5 MMF.

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Section: Wut-vis [36]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wut-vis [36]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of VCSELs for Complex Data-Format Transmission Beyond 100-Gbit/s

Cheng

Su³

et al. 2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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“…It is of necessity rather than an option to employ advanced modulations for improving spectral efficiency due to severe bandwidth limitation and noise accumulation of devices and channels. However, advanced modulations, though mitigating the system requirement on frequency response of critical devices, will also bring serious modulation non-linearity [6,7], reduced signal-noise ratio (SNR), and level-dependent noise accumulation [8]. In particular, VCSEL-based interconnect solution confronts large challenges to realize reliable 100/200 Gbps per lambda communications with advanced modulations mostly because of bandwidth limitation [9] and complex impairment combination of relative intensity noise (RIN) [10], mode partition noise (MPN) [11] and fiber mode dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressed Nonlinear Equalizers for 112-Gbps Optical Interconnects: Efficiency and Stability

Zhang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Low-complexity nonlinear equalization is critical for reliable high-speed short-reach optical interconnects. In this paper, we compare the complexity, efficiency and stability performance of pruned Volterra series-based equalization (VE) and neural network-based equalization (NNE) for 112 Gbps vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) enabled optical interconnects. The design space of nonlinear equalizers and their pruning algorithms are carefully investigated to reveal fundamental reasons of powerful nonlinear compensation capability and restriction factors of efficiency and stability. The experimental results show that NNE has more than one order of magnitude bit error rate (BER) advantage over VE at the same computation complexity and pruned NNE has around 50% lower computation complexity compared to VE at the same BER level. Moreover, VE shows serious performance instability due to its intricate structure when communication channel conditions become tough. Moreover, pruned VE presents more consistent equalization performance within varying bias values than NNE.

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Enhanced hard decision based on multi-dimensional basis expansion in PAM4 transmission

Zhou

et al. 2021

Optics Communications

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Intelligent 2-Dimensional Soft Decision Enabled by K-Means Clustering for VCSEL-Based 112-Gbps PAM-4 and PAM-8 Optical Interconnection

Cited by 19 publications

References 41 publications

Review of VCSELs for Complex Data-Format Transmission Beyond 100-Gbit/s

Review of VCSELs for Complex Data-Format Transmission Beyond 100-Gbit/s

Compressed Nonlinear Equalizers for 112-Gbps Optical Interconnects: Efficiency and Stability

Enhanced hard decision based on multi-dimensional basis expansion in PAM4 transmission

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