“…The optical RI sensing is one of the most suitable techniques for the applications mentioned above because the sensors do not require the electrical wiring. Many kinds type of RI optical sensing devices have been developed so far using optical resonances in metal surfaces [ 1 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], nano particles [ 2 , 3 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], nanorings [ 15 , 16 , 17 ], waveguides [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], gratings [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], photonic crystals [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], and microstructured optical fibers [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. The systems of RI sensing based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have been widely used and been commercialized.…”