Intensity of Stimulation and the Amplitude and Latency of the Lid-Reflex

“…Thus, to mention ' the role of the peripheral factor' in relation to such experiments necessarily implies the involvement of the central factor as well. Relevant experiments have been concerned with such responses as the cardiovascular (51, 61, 62) and pupillary (9,41) reflexes, the EEG (3, 44,45, S°i 79) > the GSR (34) and the autokinetic phenomenon (30), movements of the ear (4) and arm (15), and the eyelid (10,59,67,68) and patellar (77,78) reflexes.…”

Section: The Role Of the Central And Peripheral Factors {Active Parti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental studies in affective processes: I. Some effects of cognitive structure and active participation on certain autonomic reactions during and following experimentally induced stress.

Haggard¹

1943

Journal of Experimental Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Within recent years, an increasing number of experimental psychologists have employed their specialized skills and techniques in an attempt to answer some of the vital questions propounded by psychiatrists and psychoanalysts. From the work with animal subjects, for example, much has been learned about the causal factors and necessary conditions for the development of the disorganized states that Pavlov called "experimental neurosis." Although such work indirectly sheds light on certain aspects of human behavior, the numerous investigations directly concerned with the affective reactions of human subjects in experimentally controlled situations have been much more fruitful in this respect.This rapidly growing literature is much too extensive to be reviewed in detail here. But in connection with both the present experiment and the general problem of modifying emotional reactions, two classical studies should be mentioned. Watson and Rayner (84) conditioned Albert, a child of 11 months, to be afraid of white rats. This was achieved by making a loud noise which frightened the child whenever he reached out to touch the animal. After a few such trials, Albert cried at the sight of the rat, and was also afraid of other furry objects. 1 Later, Mary C. Jones ( 49) demonstrated that such • The author is indebted to the Harvard Psychological Clinic in general and to Dr. H. A. Murray in particular for making this research possible. 'That 'emotional conditioning' involves more than the repeated presentation of such paired stimuli has been suggested by English (19) and Bregman (6), whose attempts with this procedure 257 258 ERNEST A. HAGGARD * See the discussion of Data (verbal).•In this paper, the term 'therapy' will be used to designate an experimental procedure, the implications of which are essentially restricted to the conditions of the present study. This precaution is taken to avoid a too loose (and perhaps erroneous) generalization to the therapeutic procedures commonly employed by clinicians or psychiatrists.

show abstract

“…s The third paper of the series will discuss other possible explanations of the effect of pairing on J\ (8). 4 5. It should be noticed that, whatever may be the source of the enhancement of J\ paired, it will tend to increase the positive time order error as much as does the inhibition of/2, and…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The time order error in successive judgments and in reflexes: II. As a function of the first stimulus of a pair.

Peak¹

1940

Journal of Experimental Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the first paper of this series (6), judgments of the loudness of the second tone of a pair and reflex reactions of the eyelid to the same tone were both shown to be functions of the intensity of the first stimulus and the interval between stimuli, and it was indicated that these reactions, Jz and R2, 1 bore similar relations to the variables mentioned. It was suggested on the basis of these results that the positive time error would be accounted for, in part, by the observed decrement in ]t which increased with the intensity of Si.It is the purpose of the present paper to discuss the data upon the judgments of the first stimulus of the pair, for changes in J\ as well as /? must play a part in producing the time error, though heretofore no such analysis has been made of judgments of both members of a pair. Since the judgment of Si occurs after both Si and S 2 have been presented, /1, like Jt, may be affected by pairing, and the judgments, whether in absolute or relative terms, will in that case be a product of the mutual effects of the two stimulation processes as well as their interactions with the same or different background conditions in the organism making the judgments. This possibility suggests the importance of investigating the presence or absence of concomitant variation in /1 and J 2 , and the results of this part of the study are also to be found in this paper. A third paper considers these data and those of the first paper in relation to various theories of the time order error (8).

show abstract

Intensity of Stimulation and the Amplitude and Latency of the Lid-Reflex

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Inhibition as a function of stimulus intensity.

Inhibition as a function of stimulus intensity.

Experimental studies in affective processes: I. Some effects of cognitive structure and active participation on certain autonomic reactions during and following experimentally induced stress.

The time order error in successive judgments and in reflexes: II. As a function of the first stimulus of a pair.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About