Intention to have a second child among Chinese women one year after the implementation of selective two-child policy: a cross-sectional survey

Xu, Xianglong; Zuo, Hanxiao; Rao, Yunshuang; Zhang, Lei; Wang, Lian Lian; Zhao, Yong

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32023-2

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The increase in the proportion of women with improved education agreed with a large-sample survey in China that revealed that highly educated women were strongly in favor of raising a second child [ 12 ]. Higher education might also bring higher income, making a plan for two babies more affordable and realistic, as was reported in Europe [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Socio-demographic characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women who delivered prior to and after the termination of the one-child policy in China: a comparative study

Zhang

Lou

Tang³

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background The new Chinese fertility policy has recently received widespread public attention. However, there are few studies available on the comprehensive epidemiology of maternal and infant health with respect to the characteristic changes of childbearing women. In the study, we compared the maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes at different time points according to policy adjustments, accessed the possible relationship among these factors, and evaluated the impacts of these policies for medical and policy assistance. Methods This was a retrospective study. Data were collected from three representative hospitals in Zhejiang Province using stratified random sampling. The annual number of births, and maternal and child healthcare levels were the determining factors of sampling. Women who gave birth in November of 2012, 2014, and 2016 were recruited in accordance with the time of the change in the fertility policy, and we explored the differences in maternal socio-demographic characteristics, delivery mode and pregnancy outcomes. Results A total of 11,718 women were recruited, including 3480, 4044, and 4194 in November of 2012, 2014, and 2016, respectively. The proportions of multiparous women, women who aged ≥35 years, who received higher education, who had previous cesarean sections (CS), and who delivered in a high level hospital increased over time. In 2016, multipara accounted for 49.12, 14.47% were aged ≥35 years, nearly half of women had previous CS and delivered in a provincial hospital, 41.73% gave birth by CS, and 31.62% suffered pregnancy complications. The results of multiple logistic regression mode showed CS risk decreased significantly in 2014 (ORadj = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.55–0.67) relative to 2012, and risks of pregnancy complications (ORadj = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.86–2.83) and multiple births (ORadj = 3.25; 95% CI, 2.19–4.83) only increased in 2016 compared to 2012. Conclusions Some pregnancy outcomes increased as several key characteristics of childbearing women changed after China ended its “one-child” policy. This suggests that policy providers and medical staff need to strengthen healthcare in a consistent fashion regarding changes in birth policy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Socio-demographic characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women who delivered prior to and after the termination of the one-child policy in China: a comparative study

Zhang

Lou

Tang³

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The increase in the proportion of women with better education agreed with a large-sample survey in China revealed that the highly educated women were strongly in favor of raising a second child [12]. Higher education might bring higher income, which makes a plan for two babies more affordable and realistic, as reported in Europe [13].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Outcomes of Pregnant Women Who Delivered Before and After Ending the One-Child Policy in China: A Comparative Study

Zhang

Lou

Tang³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Recently, Chinese new fertility policy has received widespread public attention. However, there are limited studies on the comprehensive epidemiology of maternal and infant health with respect to the characteristic changes of childbearing women. In this study, we compared the changes in socio-demographic characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of childbearing women before and after ending the one-child policy in Zhejiang province of China.Methods: This was a multicenter and cross-sectional study. Data were from three representative hospitals in Zhejiang province by stratified random sampling. Women who gave birth in November 2012-2014-2016 were recruited, according to the time of the change in fertility policy. We explored the differences in maternal sociodemographic characteristics and pregnancy outcomes.Results: Totally, 11,718 women were recruited, including 3480-4044-4194 in November 2012-2014-2016 respectively. Results showed the proportion of women with advanced age, relative higher education, higher number of gravidity and parity, previous cesarean section and births in a provincial hospital increased over time. Of multipara, they were more likely to be over ≥ 35 years old, to give birth vaginally and to have pregnancy complications and multiple birth, particularly in 2016 than in 2012. Of those primipara, the proportion of women with advanced age remained stable during periods. Further, both the percentage of vaginal delivery and instrumental vaginal delivery were higher in 2014 and 2016 than in 2012. The same period, the proportions of pregnancy complications, and multiple births significantly rose, but stillbirth and birth decreased in 2014 than in 2012 among women who never delivered.Conclusions: Some adverse pregnancy outcomes increased as some key characteristics of childbearing women changed after ending the one-child policy. It suggested that policy provider and medical staff to strengthen consistent healthcare regarding to changes in birth policy.

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“…In other words, our estimates of HFMD incidence related to future temperature represent the impact of climate change alone, not the combined impact of climate change, population trends, incidence rate, and other factors. Another reason for not considering future population change is that it would introduce excess uncertainty because projecting long-term changes in the population of Chinese children is unreliable because it is largely affected by the changing population policies ( Xu et al. 2016 ; Zeng and Hesketh 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Present and Future Incidence of Pediatric Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Associated with Ambient Temperature in Mainland China

Zhao

Cao

et al. 2018

Environ Health Perspect

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Background:There is limited evidence about the association between ambient temperature and the incidence of pediatric hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) nationwide in China.Objectives:We examined the childhood temperature-HFMD associations across mainland China, and we projected the change in HFMD cases due to projected temperature change by the 2090s.Methods:Data on daily HFMD (children 0–14 y old) counts and weather were collected from 362 sites during 2009–2014. Daily temperature by the 2090s was downscaled under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. Temperature-HFMD associations were quantified using a two-stage Poisson regression with a distributed lag nonlinear model. The impact of changes in temperature on the incidence of HFMD was estimated by combining the fitted temperature-HFMD associations with projected temperatures under each scenario, assuming a constant population structure. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the influence of primary model assumptions.Results:During 2009–2014, >11 million HFMD cases were reported. In most regions, the temperature-HFMD association had an inverted U shape with a peak at approximately 20°C, but the association leveled off or continued to increase in the Inner Mongolia and Northeast regions. When estimates were pooled across all regions and the population size was held constant, the projected incidence of HFMD increased by 3.2% [95% empirical confidence interval (eCI): −13.5%, 20.0%] and 5.3% (95% eCI: −33.3%, 44.0%) by the 2090s under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. However, regional projections suggest that HFMD may decrease with climate change in temperate areas of central and eastern China.Conclusion:Our estimates suggest that the association between temperature and HFMD varies across China and that the future impact of climate change on HFMD incidence will vary as well. Other factors, including changes in the size of the population at risk (children 0–14 y old) will also influence future HFMD trends. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3062

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Intention to have a second child among Chinese women one year after the implementation of selective two-child policy: a cross-sectional survey

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Socio-demographic characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women who delivered prior to and after the termination of the one-child policy in China: a comparative study

Socio-demographic characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women who delivered prior to and after the termination of the one-child policy in China: a comparative study

Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Outcomes of Pregnant Women Who Delivered Before and After Ending the One-Child Policy in China: A Comparative Study

Modeling the Present and Future Incidence of Pediatric Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Associated with Ambient Temperature in Mainland China

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