Intention to quit water pipe smoking among Iranian women: a qualitative directed content analysis

Abstract

Background: Water-pipe smoking is the most common type of tobacco used among Iranian women. The aim of this study was to explain women's perceptions of their intention for quitting water-pipe smoking based on the theory of planned behavior. Methods: The study was a qualitative content analysis which was carried out over 4 months in 2016 in Tehran-Iran. The participants were 26 women ages 18 to 45-years-old who smoked water-pipe and were selected through snowball sampling. The study was performed in hookah cafes, parks, and homes. The data were collected through individual interviews. The interviews were open-ended questions based on the theory of planned behavior. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Findings showed that women did not intend to quit water-pipe in that time. Main contributing factors influencing not having intention of cessation were positive attitude and false beliefs toward hookah smoking, as well as having peers and family members who smoked water-pipe or approved its use. Although most females realized the obstacles associated with hookah cessation, they believed that quitting water-pipe smoking was up to them and could control more barriers. Conclusion: Social pressure, positive attitude and false beliefs towards hookah smoking, as well as external and internal obstacles diminished women 's intention for cessation. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the theory of planned behavior into behavior change interventions in order to increase the intention to quit water-pipe smoking.

Study of Effective Factors in the Tendency of Young People to Smoke Hookah in Teahouses in Deprived Areas of Zahedan in 2018 - 2019

“…Some participants have been going to traditional teahouses for over 4 years, showing that it is difficult for them to quit smoking hookah and leave that friendly atmosphere. The results of this research support the findings of other researches that social experience (16,20), positive attitude (17), feeling relaxed (8), leisure time (21,22), and difficulty to quit (23) are the main reasons for pushing adults to hookah smoking. Ansari et al, in a study conducted in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, found that 53% of these people smoked hookahs in groups, and 12.6% of hookah smokers used it every other day (24).…”

“…Barnett et al found that relaxation and social experience were the main reasons for hookah smoking; moreover, the dangers of hookah smoking were misunderstood by the participants (16). Sabzmakan et al assessed hookah smoking among Iranian women and figured out that positive perspective, social pressure, and false beliefs about hookah smoking pushed them to smoke (17). Mohammadpoorasl et al found that the obscenity of hookah smoking is less than cigarettes, and because of this, adults prefer to smoke hookah (18).…”

Effect of educational intervention based on theory of planned behaviour on promoting preventive behaviours of oral cancer in rural women

“…The association between attitude and hookah smoking behavior is clear [ 23 ], as in a qualitative study by Sabzmakan et al (2020), a positive attitude and misconceptions regarding hookah usage were the primary determinants of the intention not to quit [ 26 ]. In addition, studies by Abedini et al (2014) and Elias et al (2017) verified the correlation between misunderstandings regarding hookah use and hookah smoking behavior [33–34].…”

“…There is a lack of studies on the factors affecting hookah use and the impact of a theory-based educational program [ 22 ]. In a study by Sabzmakan et al, a positive attitude and misconceptions and regarding hookah usage were the primary determinants of the intention not to quit [ 26 ]. In addition, in other studies verified the correlation between misunderstandings regarding hookah use and hookah smoking behavior [33–34].Based on research findings, educational programs designed Based on Theory of Planned Behaviour to prevent and regulate tobacco, cigarettes, and hookah are beneficial [ 22 , 23 , 29 – 31 ].…”

Evaluation of Five Data-to-Action Workshops to Enhance Capacity for Tobacco Control

“…We used the theory of planned behavior as our construct to summarize future intentions as a predictor of behavior change. The central construct in the theory of planned behavior suggests that intentions are the best predictors of behavior change (Gollwitzer, 1999;Institute of Medicine, 2002;Sabzmakan et al, 2020).…”