Inter-limb coordination and energy cost in swimming

Seifert, Ludovic; Komar, John; Crettenand, Florent; Dadashi, Farzin; Aminian, Kamiar; Millet, Grégoire P.

doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.07.003

Cited by 36 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Expert swimmers need to organize different coordination patterns for each performance phase. They display an out-of-phase pattern of coordination of their arms and legs during propulsion (i.e., flexion or extension of a pair of limbs while the other pair of limbs is fixed in extension), an in-phase coordination mode during glide (i.e., extension of the arms and legs) and an anti-phase coordination mode during recoveries (i.e., extension of the arms during leg flexion) [33,34]. In a cycle of 1.5 to 2 s, expert swimmers are able to alternate between these three modes of coordination ( Fig.…”

Section: Intra -And Inter -Individual Movement Pattern Variability Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). The accordion mode of coordination corresponds to a superposition of two contradictory actions [33,34,36]: leg propulsion during arm recovery and arm propulsion during leg recovery. It is not mechanically effective and does not provide high swim speed because each propulsive action is thwarted by a recovery action.…”

Section: Intra -And Inter -Individual Movement Pattern Variability Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intentions, Perceptions and Actions Constrain Functional Intra- and Inter-Individual Variability in the Acquisition of Expertise in Individual Sports

Seifert¹,

Davids²

2012

TOSSJ

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Expertise in sport results from the adaptation of behavoirbehavoir to interacting constraints, individually perceived and encountered. With this emphasis on intentionality, perception and action to constrain behavoirbehavoir, the role of movement pattern stability, functional intra-individual and inter-individual performance variability is paramount. Here we illustrate these ideas with reference to two individual performance environments: ice climbing and breaststroke swimming. In ice climbing, compared to beginners, expert climbers exhibited greater levels of variability in upper-and lower-limb coordination patterns, exploring a larger range of limb positions and movement types (ice tool swinging, ice hole hooking). Ice fall properties contain affordances that induced variable motor coordination patterns in expert climbers, whereas learners used a basic and functionally stable motor organization to achieve their main goal of maintaining body equilibrium with respect to gravity. In swimming, while learners organized their limbs to advance in the water, their main intention was to balance, float, breathe, and perceive information. For these reasons they typically adopted one stable (inphase) mode of arm-leg coordination whatever the swim speed. In contrast, experts harnessed available environmental and organismic constraints (strength, flexibility relative to aquatic resistance and the Archimedes principle) to satisfy a key performance constraint (swim fast). To achieve this aim, they varied the arm-leg coordination mode within a stroke cycle and swim speed. Together these data illustrate how functional performance in sport is predicated on the intertwined relationship between intentions, actions and perceptions of each individual, requiring a blend of stable and variable movement patterns to satisfy changing task constraints.

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Section: Intra -And Inter -Individual Movement Pattern Variability Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intra -And Inter -Individual Movement Pattern Variability Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intentions, Perceptions and Actions Constrain Functional Intra- and Inter-Individual Variability in the Acquisition of Expertise in Individual Sports

Seifert¹,

Davids²

2012

TOSSJ

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show abstract

“…9,10 Keeping in view the complex and diverse nature of the scientific fields that play a role in performance, and despite the existence of an optimal pathway to expertise achievement, each athlete selects a customized path. 10 Likewise, the performance of both adult/elite [11][12][13] and young 5 swimmers is determined by several domains. The partial contribution of each domain or determinant factor to performance will most likely change over time, not remain constant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cluster Stability as a New Method to Assess Changes in Performance and its Determinant Factors Over a Season in Young Swimmers

Morais¹,

Silva²,

Marinho³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To apply a new method to identify, classify, and follow up young swimmers based on their performance and its determinant factors over a season and analyze the swimmers' stability over a competitive season with that method. Methods: Fifteen boys and 18 girls (11.8 ± 0.7 y) part of a national talent-identification scheme were evaluated at 3 different moments of a competitive season. Performance (ie, official 100-m freestyle race time), arm span, chest perimeter, stroke length, swimming velocity, speed fluctuation, coefficient of active drag, propelling efficiency, and stroke index were selected as variables. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analysis were computed. Results: Data suggested a 3-cluster solution, splitting the swimmers according to their performance in all 3 moments. Cluster 1 was related to better performances (talented swimmers), cluster 2 to poor performances (nonproficient swimmers), and cluster 3 to average performance (proficient swimmers) in all moments.Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that 100%, 94%, and 85% of original groups were correctly classified for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd evaluation moments, respectively (0.11 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.80; 5.64 ≤ χ 2 ≤ 63.40; 0.001 < P ≤ .68). Membership of clusters was moderately stable over the season (stability range 46.1-75% for the 2 clusters with most subjects). Conclusion: Cluster stability is a feasible, comprehensive, and informative method to gain insight into changes in performance and its determinant factors in young swimmers. Talented swimmers were characterized by anthropometrics and kinematic features. Keywords: prepubescent swimmers, seasonal adaptations, longitudinal assessment, classificationTwo of the most interesting research topics in the field of sports performance, and specifically in competitive swimming, are the identification of performance-determinant factors and performance modeling. Several research groups have focused on identifying the main performance determinants and how they interplay to improve performance. Performance of young swimmers is influenced by growth and maturation. 1 Biological maturation may promote changes in their biomechanics, motor control, and energetics, which may affect their expertise achievement. 2 Young swimmers experience different rates of development that progress according to their own time scale. 3 For example, 2 structural-equation models reported that anthropometrics influence swimmers' kinematics and hence their performance. 4,5 The second topic of research interest is to model performance over time. The model enables a researcher or sports analyst to predict a subject's performance at a given moment, for example, at a given age or competition (ie, mean stability, withinsubject analysis). 6 Longitudinal assessments can also be carried out to understand the relative changes of performance among the main athletes (ie, normative stability, between-subjects analysis). 1,7 New trends in sports performance and expertise should adopt a multidisciplinary approach to enhance our understanding of the a...

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“…Indeed, the uncertainty of measurement is 0.033 s, which is the duration of one frame. Furthermore, the hypothesis of a symmetric arm coordination, made here, is not completely exact, because an asymmetry linked to the swimmer's technique (Silvatti et al, 2013;Tourny-Chollet, Seifert, & Chollet, 2009) or to the breathing (Seifert, 2010;Seifert, Chollet, & Allard, 2005) can exist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

The role of the entry-and-stretch phase at the different paces of race in front crawl swimming

Samson

Monnet

Bernard

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aim of this study was to determine the role played by the entry-and-stretch phase in the coordination of swimming, at the different paces of race. Three national level swimmers (two men and one woman) were recorded, in lateral and bottom views, in three swimming paces: sprint (50 m and 100 m), middle-distance (200 m and 400 m) and long-distance (800 m and 1500 m). Anatomical landmark positions were obtained by manual digitalisation of the videos. Computational fluid dynamics and experimental studies (with a strain gauge balance and particle image velocimetry method) were used to measure and to calculate the external forces applied to the hand and to the forearm and to visualise the flow around the profile. Entry-and-stretch is the phase which varies the most according to the swimming pace. This phase can be decomposed into two sub-phases: one, the extension forward coordinated with the insweep of the opposite arm, and another one, the rotation downward coordinated with the upsweep. Results show that, at the three paces, this phase is not propulsive and could contribute essentially to maintain the horizontal balance of the body.

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Inter-limb coordination and energy cost in swimming

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Intentions, Perceptions and Actions Constrain Functional Intra- and Inter-Individual Variability in the Acquisition of Expertise in Individual Sports

Intentions, Perceptions and Actions Constrain Functional Intra- and Inter-Individual Variability in the Acquisition of Expertise in Individual Sports

Cluster Stability as a New Method to Assess Changes in Performance and its Determinant Factors Over a Season in Young Swimmers

The role of the entry-and-stretch phase at the different paces of race in front crawl swimming

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