Interaction Between Altered Gut Microbiota and Sepsis: A Hypothesis or an Authentic Fact?

Abstract

Sepsis, as an important public health concern, is one of the leading causes of death in hospitals around the world, accounting for 25% of all deaths. Nowadays, several factors contribute to the development of sepsis. The role of the gut microbiota and the response state of the aberrant immune system is dominant. The effect of the human microbiome on health is undeniable, and gut microbiota is even considered a body organ. It is now clear that the alteration in the normal balance of the microbiota (dysbiosis) is associated with a change in the status of immune system responses. Owing to the strong association between the gut microbiota and its metabolites particularly short-chain fatty acids with many illnesses, the gut microbiota has a unique position in the research of microbiologists and even clinicians. This review aimed to analyze studies’ results on the association between microbiota and sepsis, with a substantial understanding of their relationship. As a result, an extensive and comprehensive search was conducted on this issue in existing databases.

Reliability of pathophysiological markers reflective of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) in response to 2-h high-intensity interval exercise: A comprehensive methodological efficacy exploration

“…Thus, SCFA may have potential to attenuate exercise-associated epithelial perturbations, and subsequent systemic endotoxemia and/or bacteremia, which may flow onto reducing microbial translocation associated Ex-GIS incidence and severity (Gill et al, 2015a;Gill et al, 2015b;Gaskell et al, 2021b). Such protection may be attributed to enhanced epithelial cell (i.e., phospholipid bilayer) stability and/or tight-junction stability and regulation (Sekirov et al, 2010;Gilbert et al, 2018;Nabizadeh et al, 2022). There is evidence in human-exercise models to hypothesise that the presence of SCFA along the intestinal lumen, as a result of commensal microbial composition and function, may attenuate the effects of EIGS (Bennett et al, 2020).…”

The profile of key gut microbiota members and short-chain fatty acids in patients with sepsis

“…The growth chance of opportunistic bacterial pathogens increases in GM with dysbiosis conditions. Under normal conditions, the dynamic GM prevents pathogenic bacteria growth by producing antimicrobial agents and occupying receptors [ 4 ]. According to this evidence, and in agreement with other findings, in this study, pathogenic bacteria members of the Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobic Bacteroides sp.…”

“…Irregular responses to pro-inflammatory situations caused by infectious agents are considered the clear pathophysiology aspect of sepsis. Moreover, recent studies have shown that sepsis patients have a disorder in the body's homeostasis and suffer from suppressed cellular immunity in this condition [ 3 , 4 ]. On the other hand, in recent years, the link between gut microbiota (GM) and their metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in the pathophysiology of sepsis has been highlighted [ 5 ].…”

“…Most studies addressed GM composition in critically ill patients with sepsis in the ICU, and there is also limited information on SCFAs profiles in patients with sepsis. The interaction of GM alteration with prolonged hospital stays, broad-spectrum antibiotics usage, and nutrition types has been shown in ICU patients with sepsis [ 4 ]. GM alteration can be expected in these conditions.…”

Microbiota metabolites in the female reproductive system: Focused on the short-chain fatty acids

“…Systemically, the microbial metabolites can displace past the intestinal epithelium via active or passive transport and directly affect the extra-intestinal tissues and cells [ 23 ]. Locally, metabolites produced by bacteria are sensed directly by the intestinal epithelial cells and affect the function of the gut epithelial barrier [ 24 , 25 ]. The lamina propria is a layer of loose connective tissue beneath the epithelial layer that its immune cells contribute to forming the mucosal immune system.…”