Interaction between carbon fibers and polymer sizing: Influence of fiber surface chemistry and sizing reactivity

Moosburger‐Will, Judith; Bauer, Matthias; Laukmanis, Eva; Horny, Robert; Wetjen, Denise; Manske, Tamara; Schmidt-Stein, Felix; Töpker, Jochen; Horn, S.

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.12.251

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Hence, modifying the CF surfaces to create good interfacial properties can be crucial for increasing the composite's overall performances [10,11]. Recently, many approaches have been proposed for modifying carbon fiber surfaces to promote the interface properties of composites, such as coating or sizing, high-energy radiation, oxidation, chemical modification, and so on [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Among these approaches, chemical modification is considered to be one of the most effective approaches due to its simplicity and controllability without high energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Renewable Cardanol onto Carbon Fiber for the Improved Interfacial Properties of Advanced Polymer Composites

et al. 2019

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A facile in situ polymerization was developed for grafting renewable cardanol onto the carbon fiber (CF) surfaces to strengthen the fiber-matrix interface. CFs were chemically modified with hydroxyl groups by using an aryl diazonium reaction, and then copolymerized in situ with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and cardanol to build cardanol-modified fibers (CF-cardanol). The cardanol molecules were successfully introduced, as confirmed using Raman spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); the cardanol molecules were found to increase the surface roughness, energy, interfacial wettability, and activity with the matrix resin. As a result, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of CF-cardanol composites increased from 48.2 to 68.13 MPa. In addition, the anti-hydrothermal ageing properties of the modified composites were significantly increased. The reinforcing mechanisms of the fiber-matrix interface were also studied.Polymers 2020, 12, 45 2 of 11 important factors, such as interfacial wettability, the introduced mechanical interlocking, and the formed chemical bonding at the interface [26]. In a word, the formed chemical bonding between CFs and the matrix resin promotes the largest share of composite interface improvements.Cardanol, which is extracted from cashew nut shell liquid using a double vacuum distillation technique, is known as a significant agricultural renewable resource [27][28][29][30]. Cardanol, with a reactive phenolic moiety and an unsaturated C15 hydrocarbon chain, can easily form cross-linked structures under a thermal curing treatment, which is viewed as a robust platform for further grafting for multifunctional applications in the fields of coatings, biocomposites, curing agents, and antioxidants owing to its sustainability, low cost, large availability, and bactericidal properties [31,32]. We believe that this is the first report of a new hierarchical reinforcement that has been surface-modified with cardanol for changing the surface/interface properties. Herein, we developed a high-efficiency strategy for functionalizing CFs with renewable cardanol and studied the interfacial behaviors and the mechanisms of reinforcing, as well as toughening the interface for unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composites. The active sites were built onto CF surfaces by using the diazonium technique, avoiding a strong acid oxidation treatment. As an agricultural renewable resource, cardanol is cost-effective, highlighting the potential of the strategy for practical applications. Moreover, the chemical bonding easily formed at the interface between CF-cardanol and UPR during the curing process, which played the most important role in enhancing the composite's interfacial properties. The preparation and characterization of CFs functionalized with cardanol and the resultant composites were fully studied, as discussed in this work.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Renewable Cardanol onto Carbon Fiber for the Improved Interfacial Properties of Advanced Polymer Composites

et al. 2019

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“…The platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) content occur as a result of the sample preparation for SEM. According to [10], carbon and oxygen are common components of fiber sizings. In contrast, the EDX-analysis of the thermally treated carbon fibers shows no oxygen content, which is, besides the results of the TGA analyses, a second indicator that the sizing is incinerated and there is no sizing left on the fibers after the thermal treatment.…”

Section: Single Fiber Fragmentation Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the sizing of carbon fibers may change through the expose to elevated temperatures over 500°C and thus affect the properties of the resulting composites. In numerous reports [6][7][8][9][10], different surface treatments for carbon fibers to improve the bonding to epoxy resins (thermosets) are well analyzed. However, investigations of surface treatments for carbon fibers for the bonding with thermoplastic polymers are scarce, even though a wide range of carbon rovings with numerous sizings designed for thermoplastic polymers are already available on the market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process

Ullmer¹

2019

AJMME

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As a new and innovative processing method for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, the In-Mould-Impregnation process (IMI) adopts carbon fibers as a heating element by electrical conduction. During heating of the dry carbon fibers in the production process, temperatures up to over 500°C can occur. However, the surface properties of carbon fibers and sizing may change under such conditions and thus affect the resulting composite. The present study is a practical approach to validate the suitability of sized carbon fibers for the IMI. The influence of a thermal treatment according to the parameters of the IMI-Process on carbon fiber-thermoplastic matrix interfacial adhesion was investigated by means of micromechanical and optical test methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the thermal treatment of carbon fibers causes a reduction of tensile strength of single fibers. It does not show an influence on the micromechanical breaking behavior in a PA 6 composite but the surface tension of carbon fibers changes. The change in surface tension can affect the wettability of the carbon fiber with a thermoplastic matrix.

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“…At these high temperatures the thermal stability of organic materials such as polymers and sizing components starts to become a concern [12,13]. Thermal degradation of two epoxy resin based sizings on carbon fibres has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis [14]. One sizing was stable up to about 300°C and then degraded in a single step with a peak maximum around 400°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of the thermal degradation of glass fibre sizings at composite processing temperatures

Thomason

Nagel

Yang

et al. 2019

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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Although not fully understood, it is well recognized that optimal working of glass fibre sizings is necessary to maximize the performance of glass fibre reinforced polymer composites. It is important that the organic components in such sizings continue to function after exposure to the high temperatures often experienced during composite processing. This study presents the results on the thermal stability of polypropylene and epoxy compatible glass fibre sizings obtained using TGA, microbond adhesion measurement and composite mechanical testing. Test results indicate that the performance of commercial polypropylene compatible glass fibre sizings can be significantly compromised by thermo-oxidative degradation at normal composite processing temperatures. A significant reduction in composite performance is directly related to a loss of fibre-matrix adhesion caused by thermal degradation of some of the principal sizing components.

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Interaction between carbon fibers and polymer sizing: Influence of fiber surface chemistry and sizing reactivity

Cited by 51 publications

References 22 publications

Modification of Renewable Cardanol onto Carbon Fiber for the Improved Interfacial Properties of Advanced Polymer Composites

Modification of Renewable Cardanol onto Carbon Fiber for the Improved Interfacial Properties of Advanced Polymer Composites

A Practical Approach for Validation of Aptitude of Sized Carbon Fibers for the In-Mould -Impregnation Process

A study of the thermal degradation of glass fibre sizings at composite processing temperatures

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