Interaction of Vesicles: Adhesion, Fusion and Multicompartment Systems Formation

Abstract

In this review, interactions of selected vesicles, induced either by molecular recognition or by electrostatic interactions, for the simulation of cell-cell and cell-drug interaction processes are discussed. In order of increasing complexity, examples of vesicles adhesion are presented at first, followed by recognition experiments in which fusion takes place. This differentiation in behavior was primarily attributed to the structural features of interacting vesicular pairs primarily affected by concentration and lateral phase separation of the anchored recognizable groups. In certain cases, fusion is accompanied by multicompartmentalization of the obtained aggregates. In connection with the formation of these multicompartment systems, it was proposed that an analogous mechanism could be operating in the evolution of eukaryotes during the symbiosis of prokaryotes.

Glucosomes: Glycosylated Vesicle‐in‐Vesicle Aggregates in Water from pH‐Responsive Microbial Glycolipid

“…According to the cryo‐TEM and in situ SAXS data, a few vesicles coexist with a large majority of micelles in the basic–neutral pH region (Figure ); however, pH‐resolved in situ SAXS shows an abrupt micelle‐to‐bilayer transition, which suggests a reservoir‐to‐vesicle‐to‐lamellar model rather than a micelle‐to‐cylinder‐to‐disks‐to‐vesicle‐to‐lamellar mechanism, as reported for other glucolipids (Figure ) . Although still unclear, upon vesicle formation below pH 6, the glucosome formation mechanism probably goes through membrane wobbling episodes due to spontaneous fluctuations of the surface bilayer, as reported for other systems . The cryo‐TEM images in our possession seem to confirm this.…”

“…Figure summarizes the process of glucosome pH formation for the aSL‐C22:0 13 ‐branched sophorolipid molecule. We must highlight the fact that stimuli‐responsive vesosomes have so far received little, if no, attention at all …”

“…In the third, multistep approach, cholesterol is used as a binder to “glue” liposomes together and is eventually encapsulated by a hydrated 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DMPC) cholesterol mixture. In the fourth method, external compounds such as salts or carbohydrates are used to induce membrane fluctuations in giant vesicles; this results in wobbling of a part of the membrane inward and eventually leads to detachment within the vesicle itself after enclosing external water and forming an inner secondary vesicle. In the fifth method, engineered phospholipid‐based liposomes with complementary surface‐active groups are used to strengthen the interliposomal interaction upon fusion and the possible formation of vesosomes.…”

Synthetic Plants

“…On the other hand, the development of multi-compartment vesicles (MCVs), small vesicles inside large vesicles, also called multi-vesicular vesicles or vesosomes, is also worth mentioning. MCVs could represent a model of superior (organelle-containing) cells that also could allow exploitation of multicompartmentalization to enable, for example, intra-cellular gradients (Paleos et al 2011;Chandrawati and Caruso 2012;Peters et al 2014).…”

Microfluidics for Biosynthesizing: from Droplets and Vesicles to Artificial Cells

“…Vesicles have been extensively applied in various fields ranging from biology and biochemistry, to biophysics . Several kinds of methods, such as assembly, surface‐initiated polymerization, and emulsification, have been developed to form varieties of lipids or block copolymers vesicles .…”