Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. III. Solubilization and performance characteristics of Ca(LAS)<sub>2</sub>

Smith, Dewey L.; Matheson, K. Lee; Cox, Michael F.

doi:10.1007/bf02545968

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…1,2 Therefore, an overall understanding between physicochemical and physical factors is necessary to accurately understand the washing mechanism that is determined by the interaction between physicochemical and physical factors attributable to textiles, soils, water, detergent and washers. However, studies until now on washing were mainly focused on physicochemical mechanisms, [3][4][5][6][7][8] such as detergent composition, [9][10][11][12][13] soil type, [14][15][16][17] water quality, [18][19][20][21] washing time and temperature. Studies on the mechanical actions and fabric movement in washers are severely lacking, and thus needed.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer II: under various physical washing conditions

Yun

Park

2014

Textile Research Journal

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Fabric movements in a front-loading washer were observed at various conditions with respect to the type of fabric, the number of sheets, the fabric size and the wash spin speed in order to examine their effect on washing efficiency. Fabric movements were categorized into sliding, falling and rotating, which were expected to be influenced by the balance among the centrifugal force, the frictional force and the gravitational force. With increasing the number of sheets, the fabric size and the wash spin speed, fabrics had a tendency to move a longer distance along the drum wall, and thus the most frequent movement shifted from sliding or falling to rotating. The fabric movement patterns during the washing process that were varied according to the washing conditions had a direct effect on washing efficiency. The complex movement pattern, which showed the movements of sliding, falling and rotating by turns during the washing process, exhibited higher washing efficiency than the single movement pattern that represented only sliding or rotating repeatedly.Washing is a series of processes that removes soils from clothes through the combination of washers, detergent and water. Washing solution penetrates the clothes to remove soils or facilitate the removal of them. In addition, the mechanical force of the washer is applied here to remove the soils. 1,2 Therefore, an overall understanding between physicochemical and physical factors is necessary to accurately understand the washing mechanism that is determined by the interaction between physicochemical and physical factors attributable to textiles, soils, water, detergent and washers. However, studies until now on washing were mainly focused on physicochemical mechanisms, 3-8 such as detergent composition, 9-13 soil type, 14-17 water quality, 18-21 washing time and temperature. Studies on the mechanical actions and fabric movement in washers are severely lacking, and thus needed. [22][23][24][25][26][27] In preceding studies, Park et al. 24 revealed that among fabric properties, weight, drape coefficient and water content had large effects on fabric movement in a front-loading washer, and proposed a fabric movement prediction model using such fabric properties. Furthermore, Yun et al. 25 investigated the effects of fabric movement on washing performance, and found that washing efficiency was higher when there was more diverse movement of fabrics in a front-loading washer. The preceding studies of Park et al. 24 and Yun et al. 25 were significant in that they observed and analyzed the fabric movement in a front-loading washer and revealed the correlation with fabric properties. However, there were limitations in that they could not reflect the actual washing conditions. Accordingly, in this study, the type of fabric, size of fabric, number of fabrics and the wash spin speed were differentiated to observe the fabric movement in conditions more similar to actual washing conditions.

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The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer II: under various physical washing conditions

Yun

Park

2014

Textile Research Journal

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“…In aqueous solution, they aggregate in a manner to segregate the hydrophobic parts from the hydrophilic heads. The self-assembly of surfactants in aqueous media is important in a variety of practical applications including solubilization, micellar catalysis, , chemically selective delivery, , emulsification, , detergency, and ion-exchange membranes . This work is focused on twin-tailed Gemini surfactants, which make a variety of micellar and lyotropic liquid crystalline phases.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Driving Force for the Association of Gemini Surfactants

Jeong

Yethiraj

2017

J. Phys. Chem. B

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The self-assembly of surfactants into lyotropic liquid crystalline phases is interesting from a fundamental and practical perspective. The propensity for self-assembly is particularly interesting in Gemini surfactants which have a very low critical micelle concentration. In this work, we study the effect of headgroup identity on the driving force for the self-assembly of Gemini surfactants, using computer simulations of the potential of mean force (PMF). We find that surfactants with sulfonate headgroups have a greater tendency to assemble than those with carboxylate headgroups. The minimum in the PMF is about a factor of 2 deeper and occurs at shorter distances. Interestingly, the driving force is entropic with the carobxylate and energetic with the sulfonate headgroups. Analysis of different contributions suggests that these differences arise from surfactant headgroup electrostatics and size. The results provide an explanation for why the morphology diagram of the sulfonate surfactants is insensitive to temperature.

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“…3,4 Therefore, to understand the washing mechanism, an overall understanding of the factors affecting the mechanical and chemical steps -such as soil, water, and detergent -is essential. Consequently, previous research on laundry systems focused on the physicochemical mechanisms of washing, such as the detergent composition, [5][6][7][8] soil type, [9][10][11] water quality, 12,13 washing time, and temperature. 14,15 More recently, increasing attention has been devoted to the mechanical aspects of washing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detergency prediction in front-loading washing machines using discrete element method

Nam

Duc

Jeon

et al. 2022

Textile Research Journal

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Studies on the washing process have been mainly conducted experimentally, and only a few numerical approaches have been studied. Previous numerical studies on the washing process have focused on analyzing the dynamic behavior of laundry; however, no study has been reported on the detergency caused by the dynamic behavior of laundry. In this study, we predicted the detergency due to the dynamic behavior of the fabrics in a front-loading washing machine using discrete element method simulations and compared the prediction with that of the washing experiments. In addition, the agreement between the experimental and simulated detergencies was high, with a correlation coefficient of 99%. The detergency in the experiment was successfully predicted with power consumption of laundry calculated by the simulations. The lower detergency for larger amounts of fabric was mainly due to reduced normal contact. This study describes the first framework for front-loading washing machine simulations using the discrete element method.

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Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. III. Solubilization and performance characteristics of Ca(LAS)₂

Abstract: This paper compares the appearance and detergency properties of LAS solutions in which Ca(LAS)2 has formed either in the presence or absence of a micelle promotion agent.

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer II: under various physical washing conditions

The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer II: under various physical washing conditions

The Driving Force for the Association of Gemini Surfactants

Detergency prediction in front-loading washing machines using discrete element method

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Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. III. Solubilization and performance characteristics of Ca(LAS)2

Abstract: This paper compares the appearance and detergency properties of LAS solutions in which Ca(LAS)2 has formed either in the presence or absence of a micelle promotion agent.

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer II: under various physical washing conditions

The effect of fabric movement on washing performance in a front-loading washer II: under various physical washing conditions

The Driving Force for the Association of Gemini Surfactants

Detergency prediction in front-loading washing machines using discrete element method

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Interactions between linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and water hardness ions. III. Solubilization and performance characteristics of Ca(LAS)₂