“…The potential covariates for this analysis were identified based on the body of existing literature, including educational level (middle school or less, high school, and college or greater), age group (18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, ≥70 years), smoking status (nonsmoker/ex-smoker and current smoker), comorbidities (yes and no), occupation (white-collar, blue-collar, and unemployed), body mass index group (<18.5, ≥18.5 and <25, ≥25 and <30, and ≥30 kg/m 2 ), residential area (urban and rural), drinking status (never or rarely, occasionally, often), physical activity (not regular and regular), and monthly household income (<2,000, ≥2,000 and <4,000, ≥4,000 and <6,000, and ≥6,000 thousand Won) 3,6,10,11,22,25-27 . Women who reported no alteration in their menstrual cycles were identified as premenopausal women, whereas those whose periods ended permanently following 12 months of amenorrhea were classified as postmenopausal women 28-30 …”