Interactive association of lipopolysaccharide and free fatty acid with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: A community‐based cross‐sectional study

Abstract

Aims/IntroductionIncreased blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or free fatty acid (FFA) levels correlate with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interactive effect of serum LPS and FFA levels on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 2,553 community‐dwelling Chinese adults. Fasting serum LPS levels were determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Chromogenic Endpoint assay, and FFA levels were determined using an enzymatic method. The participants were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of LPS or FFA levels or nine groups according to the tertiles of LPS and FFA levels. The odd ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes were estimated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsWe found that higher serum LPS or FFA levels were associated with higher high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, there were significant interactions between LPS and FFA in terms of the high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein level (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance level (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, the OR for participants with type 2 diabetes in the higher LPS and FFA level group were 6.58 (95% confidence interval 3.05–14.18, P < 0.001) compared with that in participants in the lower LPS and FFA level group.ConclusionsThe interaction between LPS and FFA was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in community‐dwelling Chinese adults.

Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators

“…In the presence of an imbalance in the gut microorganisms, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) derived from Gram-negative bacteria coming from the gut can generate a state of low-grade inflammation by interacting with type 4 toll-like receptors (TLR-4). These are present in the macrophages and monocytes, favoring the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and eventually, favoring an IR state in later stages [ 31 , 32 ]. Conversely, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in healthy individuals provide healthy energetic substrates to enterocytes, regulate the appetite/satiety process, favor an anti-inflammatory state, and activate free fatty acids type 2 and type 3 receptors (FFA2 and FFA3) and G-protein coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A), showing a protective effect [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Potential of gut microbiota for lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in European women with type 2 diabetes based on metagenome

“…It is important to note that emerging studies have provided supportive evidence for the essential role of LPS in insulin resistance. LPS was demonstrated to activate a status of chronic low-grade inflammation by interacting with type 4 Toll-like receptors ( Kayagaki et al, 2013 ; Salazar et al, 2020 ), which mainly presented in monocytes, favoring the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ultimately enabling an insulin resistance state in the later stages ( Khondkaryan et al, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2019 ). Further, the treatment with antibiotics to mice fed a high-fat diet reduced metabolic endotoxemia and decreased the content of LPS in the cecum.…”

Effects of Anthocyanin on Intestinal Health: A Systematic Review

“…The analysis of monocyte from obese individuals supplemented with berry juçara (5 g/day; 131.2 mg total anthocyanins) for six weeks observed the reduction of mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid), TLR4 and the protein expression of MyD88 [ 82 ]. Therefore, it is known that the inflammation mediated by LPS can exert local and systemic effects and be related to gastrointestinal diseases, such as Crohn disease [ 83 ], inflammatory bower disease [ 84 ] and metabolic disorders as diabetes mellitus type 2 [ 85 ] and obesity [ 86 ].…”