Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and drought-stress on plant-soil feedbacks of Artemisia californica seedlings

Valliere, Justin M.; Allen, Edith B.

doi:10.1007/s11104-015-2776-y

Cited by 53 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Even microbes occurring near a single plant would presumably be distributed to 20 conspecific glasshouse pots and ≥150 NAS mixture pots (Appendix S1: Fig. Other studies following similar methods suffer similar inconclusiveness (e.g., van der Putten et al 1993, Callaway et al 2013, Valliere and Allen 2016. Particular microbes could occur near a few plants just by chance, not because particular plant species caused the microbes to be present, so the Teste et al data do not confirm the first step of a PSF (Bever 1994).…”

Section: Key Findingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toward more robust plant‐soil feedback research

Rinella

Reinhart

2018

Ecology

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Understanding if and how plant-soil biota feedbacks (PSFs) shape plant communities has become a major research priority. In this paper, we draw on a recent, high-profile PSF study to illustrate that certain widely used experimental methods cannot reliably determine if PSFs occur. One problem involves gathering soil samples adjacent to multiple conditioning plants, mixing the samples and then growing phytometers in the mixtures to test for PSFs. This mixed soil approach does not establish that the conditioning plant being present caused the soil biota to be present, the first step of a PSF. Also, soil mixing approximates replacing raw data with averages prior to analysis, a move certain to generate falsely precise statistical estimates. False precision also results from sample sizes being artificially inflated when phytometers are misinterpreted as experimental units. Plant biomass ratios become another source of false precision when individual plant values contribute to multiple ratio observations. Any one of these common missteps can cause still living null hypotheses to be pronounced dead, and risks of this increase with numbers of missteps. If soil organisms truly structure plant communities, then null hypotheses indicating otherwise will not survive proper testing. We discuss conceptual, experimental and analytical refinements to facilitate accurate testing.

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Section: Key Findingsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Toward more robust plant‐soil feedback research

Rinella

Reinhart

2018

Ecology

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“…In addition to increased susceptibility to drought, elevated N availability could have had other effects that influence the ability of shrubs to withstand prolonged drought. Nitrogen addition has been found to reduce root:shoot ratios in seedlings of A. californica (Valliere & Allen, 2016a), and this could also occur in mature shrubs. Grulke, Andersen, Fenn, and Miller (1998), for example, documented reduced root biomass in a tree species of southern California under chronic N deposition.…”

Section: In Addition Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mycorrhizae can play an important role in plant drought tolerance (Aug e, 2001), and N-impacted soil communities may offer less protection against under drought in native CSS species such as A. californica (Valliere & Allen, 2016a). It is also possible that elevated soil N had a direct negative impact on native shrubs (Bobbink & Lamers, 2002).…”

Section: In Addition Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individually, both N deposition and drought may favor conversion of shrublands to nonnative annual grasslands (Cox et al, 2014;Kimball et al, 2014;Minnich & Dezzani, 1998), and these factors may also have interactive effects. For example, while native woody species may exhibit positive growth responses under elevated N availability , this could also increase susceptibility to drought (Valliere & Allen, 2016a). Work in other ecosystems has found that higher plant productivity due to N deposition may decrease drought tolerance, resulting in increased mortality (Bobbink & Lamers, 2002;Friedrich et al, 2012;Meyer-Gr€ unefeldt, Friedrich, Klotz, Von Oheimb, & H€ ardtle, 2015), but direct evidence from field studies is severely lacking.…”

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confidence: 99%

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High N, dry: Experimental nitrogen deposition exacerbates native shrub loss and nonnative plant invasion during extreme drought

Valliere

Irvine

Santiago

et al. 2017

Global Change Biology

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Hotter, longer, and more frequent global change-type drought events may profoundly impact terrestrial ecosystems by triggering widespread vegetation mortality. However, severe drought is only one component of global change, and ecological effects of drought may be compounded by other drivers, such as anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and nonnative plant invasion. Elevated N deposition, for example, may reduce drought tolerance through increased plant productivity, thereby contributing to drought-induced mortality. High N availability also often favors invasive, nonnative plant species, and the loss of woody vegetation due to drought may create a window of opportunity for these invaders. We investigated the effects of multiple levels of simulated N deposition on a Mediterranean-type shrubland plant community in southern California from 2011 to 2016, a period coinciding with an extreme, multiyear drought in the region. We hypothesized that N addition would increase native shrub productivity, but that this would increase susceptibility to drought and result in increased shrub loss over time. We also predicted that N addition would favor nonnatives, especially annual grasses, leading to higher biomass and cover of these species. Consistent with these hypotheses, we found that high N availability increased native shrub canopy loss and mortality, likely due to the higher productivity and leaf area and reduced water-use efficiency we observed in shrubs subject to N addition. As native shrub cover declined, we also observed a concomitant increase in cover and biomass of nonnative annuals, particularly under high levels of experimental N deposition. Together, these results suggest that the impacts of extended drought on shrubland ecosystems may be more severe under elevated N deposition, potentially contributing to the widespread loss of native woody species and vegetation-type conversion.

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“…Previous studies have produced mixed results for the response of AM fungal‐infected roots to drought (reviewed in Veresoglou et al ., ). However this variation may depend on other abiotic factors, such as nutrient availability (e.g., Valliere & Allen, ), that were not manipulated in this study. The reduced investment in S. berthaultii roots under reduced water supply in the presence of AM fungi might have arisen because AM fungal exploration of the soil can enhance water uptake (Smith & Read, ) allowing AM fungi to compensate for reduced plant water acquisition through the roots and allowing plants to invest limited resources elsewhere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae performance is determined by aphid genotype and not mycorrhizal fungi or water availability

2017

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Intra-and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcomes modified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas) feeding on cultivated Solanum tuberosum and wild Solanum berthaulti to study the impact of water availability and plant mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on aphid performance and susceptibility to a parasitoid wasp (Aphidius ervi Haliday). Plants were grown under glass with live or sterile AM fungal spores and supplied with sufficient or reduced water supply. Plants were infested with 1 of 3 genotypes of M. euphorbiae or maintained as aphidfree controls; aphid abundance was scored after 1 week, after which aphid susceptibility to A. ervi was assayed ex planta. Solanum tuberosum accumulated c. 20% more dry mass than S. berthaultii, and root mass of S. berthaultii was smallest under reduced water supply in the presence of AM fungi. Aphid abundance was lowest on S. berthaultii and highest for genotype "2" aphids; genotype "1" aphid density was particularly reduced on S. berthaultii. Aphid genotype "1" exhibited low susceptibility to parasitism and was attacked less frequently than the other two more susceptible aphid genotypes. Neither AM fungi nor water availability affected insect performance. Our study suggests a fitness trade-off in M. euphorbiae between parasitism resistance and aphid performance on poor quality Solanum hosts that warrants further exploration, and indicates the importance of accounting for genotype identity in determining the outcome of multitrophic interactions.

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Interactive effects of nitrogen deposition and drought-stress on plant-soil feedbacks of Artemisia californica seedlings

Cited by 53 publications

References 91 publications

Toward more robust plant‐soil feedback research

Toward more robust plant‐soil feedback research

High N, dry: Experimental nitrogen deposition exacerbates native shrub loss and nonnative plant invasion during extreme drought

Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae performance is determined by aphid genotype and not mycorrhizal fungi or water availability

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