Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Wood-Polymer Hybrid Composites Prepared by Injection Molding

Stadlmann, Alexander; Mautner, Andreas; Pramreiter, Maximilian; Bismarck, Alexander; Müller, Ulrich

doi:10.3390/polym13172849

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…To test the welding shear strength, a gap is cut 39 mm away from the two ends, and a connection interface of 2 mm Â 4 mm can be obtained, 37,38 and then the welding shear strength is tested by the universal material testing machine. For the purpose of observing the distribution status of CFs at the interface, a 20-μm-thick slice was cut from the sample interface in the vertical direction.…”

Section: Welding Principle and Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and reinforcement effect of carbon fiber at the interface in injection welding of polyamide 6 composites

Wu,

Qiu,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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To meet the lightweight production requirements of automobiles and achieve high strength, reinforced thermoplastic composite materials are gradually replacing metal materials. Injection molding is the preferred manufacturing method to enable the production of complex‐shaped parts, facilitate production, and reduce costs. In this study, carbon fiber (CF) was added to the commonly used resin‐reinforcing material, polyamide (nylon) PA6, to create a CF‐reinforced thermoplastic composite (polyamide 6 [PA6]/CF) that was welded using injection molding. This study not only investigates the impact of different welding conditions on shear strength but also discusses the sequence of welding. Achieving 85% of the shear strength of the PA6 base material under ideal circumstances. The CF distribution and reinforcement mechanism were analyzed by observing the connection interface and cross section using a polarizing microscope and a scanning electron microscope. When PA6/CF was used as the secondary molded body, the welding results were better. The addition of CF had a significant strengthening effect on the strength of the PA6 injection welding.Highlights Carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic composite materials were prepared, and welding with PA6 was achieved using the injection molding method. The optimal welding parameters were determined by varying the mold, injection speed, injection temperature, and order of injection. The maximum welding shear strength reached 85% of the base material shear strength. The positive effect of specific fiber distribution on welding strength was analyzed by observing the interface using a scanning electron microscope and a polarizing microscope. This study provides valuable insights into the optimization of welding processes for carbon fiber thermoplastic composite materials, offering possibilities for connecting dissimilar materials with poor compatibility.

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Section: Welding Principle and Experimental Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and reinforcement effect of carbon fiber at the interface in injection welding of polyamide 6 composites

Wu,

Qiu,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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“…The creep behaviors of WPCs arise from their viscoelastic nature [ 27 ] and are influenced by factors such as the composition, compatibility, and nature of the components, as well as moisture. Reduced interfacial adhesion between wood and the polymer matrix results in creep behavior and diminished performance [ 28 ]. This incompatibility can be mitigated by using functional polyolefin as a coupling agent, enabling improved stress transfer between the polymer matrix and wood filler [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polyethylene (PE) is the most commonly used polymer matrix in WPC production routes [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. Also, other thermoplastic polymers are widely used: polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) [ 24 , 28 , 35 ]. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is considered highly crystalline among PEs [ 36 ], with a melting temperature of around 130 °C, making it suitable for processing with wood [ 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites Hybridized with Metal Grid Layers

Perišić,

Kalevski,

Grujić

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) are some of the most common modern composite materials for interior and exterior design that combine natural waste wood properties and the molding possibility of a thermoplastic polymer binder. The addition of reinforcing elements, binding agents, pigments, and coatings, as well as changes to the microstructure and composition, can all affect the quality of WPCs for particular purposes. To improve the properties, hybrid composite panels of WPCs with 30 wt. % and 40 wt. % of wood content and reinforced with one or three metal grid layers were prepared sequentially by extrusion and hot pressure molding. The results show an average 20% higher moisture absorption for composites with higher wood content. A high impact test (HIT) revealed that the absorbed energy of deformation increased with the number of metal grid layers, regardless of the wood content, around two times for all samples before water immersion and around ten times after water absorption. Also, absorbed energy increases with raised wood content, which is most pronounced in three-metal-grid samples, from 21 J to 26 J (before swelling) and from 15 J to 24 J (after swelling). Flexural tests follow the trends observed by HIT, indicating around 65% higher strength for samples with three metal grid layers vs. samples without a metal grid before water immersion and around 80% higher strength for samples with three metal grid layers vs. samples without a grid after water absorption. The synthesis route, double reinforcing (wood and metal), applied methods of characterization, and optimization according to the obtained results provide a WPC with improved mechanical properties ready for an outdoor purpose.

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“…Nylon (PA) and polypropylene (PP) have good mechanical performance and wear resistance, and are easily formed by injection molding. Stadlmann et al 18 prepared wood-polymers (PA, PP) by overmolding and concluded that PA6 has optimal tensile shear strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological characteristics and wear mechanisms of reinforced composites against steel

Qian,

Pan,

2023

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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To explore the potential wear performance of commonly utilized hydraulic system polymer components, we investigated the effects of different working conditions on the frictional and wear behaviors of three polymer sealing materials in this study. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), nylon (PA), and polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared using copper (Cu) and glass fiber (GF) as fillers. The tribological and wear properties (wear rate, surface appearance, wear patterns) of the sealing composites were evaluated. The results showed consistent trends toward increasing average coefficient of friction as load and speed increased for PTFE. The incorporation of filler improved the wear resistance of the composites. The addition of Cu particles showed lower coefficient under higher load and sliding speed. PA with continuous glass fiber (CGF) sealing composites showed lower coefficient, less wear volume, and relatively smoother wear zone surfaces than PTFE-based composites or PP with short glass fiber (SGF). We propose that PA-CGF outperforms other materials in regards to fatigue and friction and wear even under extremely high silding speed,as well as sealing properties.

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Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Wood-Polymer Hybrid Composites Prepared by Injection Molding

Cited by 13 publications

References 43 publications

Distribution and reinforcement effect of carbon fiber at the interface in injection welding of polyamide 6 composites

Distribution and reinforcement effect of carbon fiber at the interface in injection welding of polyamide 6 composites

Effect of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Wood–Plastic Composites Hybridized with Metal Grid Layers

Tribological characteristics and wear mechanisms of reinforced composites against steel

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