The location and function of dopants in metal oxide nanoparticles have been poorly characterized for many systems. We have performed heat capacity measurements, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) on ten TiO 2 nanoparticle samples that have different amounts of Al dopant to determine the location and function of the Al 3+ cations. From the heat capacity data, lattice vacancies are observed to increase significantly with the addition of the Al dopant, suggesting Al 3+ cations enter the TiO 2 lattice and create vacancies due to the charge difference between Al 3+ and Ti 4+ . The presence of gapped terms in fits of the low-temperature heat capacity data also suggests that small regions of short-range order are created within the TiO 2 lattice. Entropies at T = 298.15 K were determined from the heat capacity data and show effects related to the entropy of mixing, suggesting that a solid solution of Al/TiO 2 is formed. EELS data confirm that Al enters the TiO 2 lattice but also indicates that the short-range structure around the Al atoms shifts from a TiO 2 -like environment towards an Al 2 O 3 -like environment as the dopant concentration increases. XRD data suggest that the long-range order of the particles decreases as the dopant concentration increases but retains a basic TiO 2 -like structure. This is the first investigation to use heat capacity data in this manner to determine the location of the dopant.