Interference of aromatic sulfo groups in the microbial degradation of the azo dyes Orange I and Orange II

Xenophilus azovorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a soil bacterium that is able to degrade azo dyes of the Orange II type.

“…Later, it was shown that a mixed bacterial culture that degraded 4,4h-dicarboxyazobenzene could be adapted to the degradation of more complex azo compounds such as 1-(4h-carboxyphenylazo)-4-naphthol (' carboxy-Orange I ') or 1-(4h-carboxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol (' carboxy-Orange II '). From these adaptation processes in continuous cultures, strain ' Pseudomonas ' K22 was obtained after cultivation with carboxy-Orange I and strain KF46F T from an enrichment with carboxy-Orange II (Kulla, 1981 ;Kulla et al, 1983Kulla et al, , 1984Zimmermann et al, 1982Zimmermann et al, , 1984. The aerobic azoreductases from both strains were purified, characterized and shown to differ significantly in their structure and substrate specificity (Zimmermann et al, 1982(Zimmermann et al, , 1984.…”

Pigmentiphaga kullae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Alcaligenaceae with the ability to decolorize azo dyes aerobically.

“…One of the most impressive examples of the ability of micro-organisms to adapt to the utilization of xenobiotic compounds was a series of studies by Kulla and colleagues on the continuous adaptation of a mixed bacterial culture to the aerobic degradation of azo compounds (Kulla, 1981 ;Kulla et al, 1983Kulla et al, , 1984. In these studies, two different bacterial strains were isolated from the same inoculum that grew either with 1-(4h-carboxyphenylazo)-4-naphthol (' carboxyOrange I ') (strain K24 T ) or 1-(4h-carboxyphenylazo)-2-naphthol (' carboxy-Orange II ') (strain KF46).…”

New pathway for degradation of sulfonated azo dyes by microbial peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Streptomyces chromofuscus

“…The degradation of different azo dyes by Pseudomonas strains was investigated by Kulla et al (23). An organism isolated from soil was able to grow on 4-4'-dicarboxyazobenzene as a sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source and was able to cometabolize Orange I or II.…”

“…This inducible enzyme was very substrate specific (54). Pseudomonas strain KF46 was not able to mineralize sulfanilic acid; moreover, the presence of sulfanilic acid or its metabolites in the medium interfered with the degradation of aminonaphthol (23). The degradative potential of the bacterial strain described above is restricted to specific dye structures (24).…”