Interference of asexual and sexual reproduction in the green hydra

Kaliszewicz, Anita

doi:10.1007/s11284-010-0771-6

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Sexually mature and asexual hydras were photographed and measured with MultiScanBase v. 13.01 software. As polyps can shrink, the surface area, rather than column length, of each animal was measured (Kaliszewicz, 2011). Hydra surface area (A H ) was calculated from the lateral cylinder surface area equation…”

Section: Sexual Maturation Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation costs affect maturation timing: sexual reproduction in a heterogonic hydra

Kaliszewicz

Lipinska

2011

Hydrobiologia

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If maturation is more costly for females, they may need more distinct environmental cues to induce sexual reproduction than males. We verified this hypothesis by comparing the indirect costs of maturation to males and females of the heterogonic Hydra oligactis, reproducing both asexually and sexually. The laboratory experiments revealed that males mature 2 weeks earlier than the first females at falling temperatures simulating the natural conditions that precede sexual reproduction. The difference between the energy costs of maturation for males versus females has been considered a likely factor responsible for the observed difference in maturation time. Available food supply positively affected the percentage of sexually mature females, indicating that females are more sensitive to food limitation than males. The number of gonads was correlated positively with the size of mature hydra for both males and females. However, males produced twice as many testes as ovaries produced by females. We postulate that females are induced later than males in order to prevent gonadal development after an unseasonable drop in temperature. As sexual reproduction in H. oligactis interferes with asexual budding, under favorable conditions for asexual proliferation unnecessary gonadal development decreases an individual's fitness through reduction of the number of produced offspring.

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Section: Sexual Maturation Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maturation costs affect maturation timing: sexual reproduction in a heterogonic hydra

Kaliszewicz

Lipinska

2011

Hydrobiologia

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“…Food supply also positively affected the number of testes in males and hermaphrodites under the rising temperatures conditions. In natural populations of H. viridissima, hermaphrodites appeared to be significantly larger in size than males, females and asexual individuals (Kaliszewicz 2011). This suggests that small individuals cannot produce both male and female gonads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydras were photographed and measured with MultiScanBase v. 13.01 software. Because polyps can shrink, the size of each animal was not measured by column length but rather by surface area (Kaliszewicz 2011). Hydra surface area ( A H ) was calculated from the lateral cylinder surface area equation: where w is polyp column width (mm) and l is polyp column length (mm).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hydra vulgaris , Hydra circumcincta , Hydra viridissima, Hydra oligactis ), they exhibit various sexual reproductive strategies; some species are simultaneous or sequential hermaphrodites while some are gonochoristic (Kanaev 1952). Hermaphroditic species (e.g., H. viridissima ) have been reported to exhibit three sexes within a population: males, females and hermaphrodites (Stagni 1966; Kaliszewicz 2011). The influence of temperature on sex inversion has previously been shown in the gonochoristic Hydra oligactis (Littlefield 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental condition related reproductive strategies and sex ratio in hydras

Kaliszewicz

Lipinska

2011

Acta Zoologica

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Kaliszewicz, A. and Lipińska, A. 2011. Environmental condition related reproductive strategies and sex ratio in hydras. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 00:1–7. Temperature and food supply appeared to affect sex ratio, sex composition and percentage of sexual individuals in three Hydra species: Hydra vulgaris, Hydra circumcincta and Hydra viridissima. We found three sexes present: females, males and hermaphrodites depending on environmental conditions. Hydra vulgaris appeared to be a species with a temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD). The males and hermaphrodites were present only under rising temperatures, whereas females were observed exclusively at lowering temperatures. Hydras reproduced asexually at constant room temperature. Unlimited food affected sex ratios and induced the presence of males in H. circumcincta at lowering temperatures. Thus, H. circumcincta may be recognised as another Hydra species in which sex is determined by environmental factors (ESD). Under rising temperatures, the number of hermaphroditic individuals was higher when food supply was unlimited in all three species, indicating that hermaphrodites may need more energy to produce both male and female gonads. Both temperature changes and food supply positively affected asexual reproductive strategies in hydras, especially budding rates. Hydra circumcincta appeared to be less agile than other hydras and able to self‐fertilise. It is likely that self‐fertilisation is an adaptation to the low probability of meeting a mate belonging to the other clone.

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“…Under such conditions, investment into self-maintenance is a strategy that increases the chance that the animal survives until conditions become better. This is probably part of hydra's natural life cycle, since many populations in the temperate zone display marked fluctuations in density: population sizes are generally low in spring and reach their peak in summer or autumn, after which population density declines, often very abruptly (Welch and Loomis 1924;Miller 1936;Bell and Wolfe 1985;Ribi et al 1985;Muller-Parker and Pardy 1987;Elliott et al 1997;Kaliszewicz 2011). At their peak, hydra densities can be very large.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life history trade‐offs and stress tolerance in green hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas 1766): the importance of nutritional status and perceived population density

Tökölyi

Rosa

Bradács

et al. 2014

Ecological Research

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Life history trade-offs and stress tolerance in green hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas 1766): the importance of nutritional status and perceived population density Abstract Clonally reproducing animals, such as freshwater hydra, can achieve very quick population growth, potentially resulting in high density when dispersal is limited. The reproductive value of any offspring produced clonally in such a high density population is low because of the strong competition for food. Therefore, animals experiencing such conditions should allocate their resources to self-maintenance, to increase survival chances. Increased allocation to self-maintenance in turn should enable animals to withstand higher levels of genotoxic stress. To test this prediction, we exposed green hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas 1766) to a perceived high density (by keeping them in crowded culture medium) or low density (fresh culture medium) without altering food availability. We also manipulated nutritional status (by starving animals for different time periods) and previous exposure to mild stress in a full factorial experimental design. At the end of the experiment we exposed animals to a high concentration of hydrogen-peroxide and scored stress tolerance. We found that stress tolerance is greatly elevated in animals perceiving high density, confirming our prediction. Stress tolerance decreased in animals starved for a few days, suggesting that the ability to maintain an elevated stress tolerance function has nutritional costs and is possible only when resource availability is high. On the other hand, previous exposure to mild stress had a small effect on the ability to tolerate subsequent exposure to stress, and only in the low density treatment group. Thus, stress tolerance in hydra is dynamically modulated in response to social, environmental and nutritional cues.

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Interference of asexual and sexual reproduction in the green hydra

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Maturation costs affect maturation timing: sexual reproduction in a heterogonic hydra

Maturation costs affect maturation timing: sexual reproduction in a heterogonic hydra

Environmental condition related reproductive strategies and sex ratio in hydras

Life history trade‐offs and stress tolerance in green hydra (Hydra viridissima Pallas 1766): the importance of nutritional status and perceived population density

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