Interference with stereoscopic acuity: Spatial, temporal, and disparity tuning

Butler, Thomas W.; Westheimer, Gerald

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90231-6

Cited by 59 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Moreover, these effects are also evident in the cortical potentials (VEPs) evoked by suprathreshold vernier offsets (Steinman et al, 1985). Such interference effects are ubiquitous in spatial vision and occur for orientation discrimination (Westheimer et al, 1976), stereopsis (Butler and Westheimer, 1978), Snellen acuity (Flom et al, 1963b), as well as vernier acuity (Westheimer and Hauske, 1975 and the present study). Moreover, similar effects occur when a rectangular luminous background is added to a two dot vernier target (Williams et al, 1983;Williams and Essock, 1985).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Such interference effects are ubiquitous in spatial vision, and have been demonstrated to occur for foveal targets in tilt judgements (Westheimer et al, 1976;Andriessen and Bouma, 1976), stereopsis (Butler and Westheimer, 1978) and letter acuity (Flom et al, 1963b). Because spatial interference occurs also under dichoptic conditions (Flom et al, 1963a;Westheimer and Hauske, 1975) it has been considered to reflect a central, neural inhibitory interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification

1985

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification

1985

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“…Most importantly, reduced lateral masking through perceptual learning in the periphery reduces crowding and consequently increases acuity for the target stimulus. Crowding is ubiquitous in spatial vision and occurs in a variety of tasks, including letter identification [48]–[50], vernier acuity [51]–[52], stereoacuity [53], and orientation discrimination [54]. By reducing crowding, perceptual learning may allow the periphery to perform several tasks in viewing conditions that are more similar to those present in central vision.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Crowding by Weakening Inhibitory Lateral Interactions in the Periphery with Perceptual Learning

Maniglia

Pavan

Cuturi³

et al. 2011

PLoS ONE

102

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We investigated whether lateral masking in the near-periphery, due to inhibitory lateral interactions at an early level of central visual processing, could be weakened by perceptual learning and whether learning transferred to an untrained, higher-level lateral masking known as crowding. The trained task was contrast detection of a Gabor target presented in the near periphery (4°) in the presence of co-oriented and co-aligned high contrast Gabor flankers, which featured different target-to-flankers separations along the vertical axis that varied from 2λ to 8λ. We found both suppressive and facilitatory lateral interactions at target-to-flankers distances (2λ - 4λ and 8λ, respectively) that were larger than those found in the fovea. Training reduces suppression but does not increase facilitation. Most importantly, we found that learning reduces crowding and improves contrast sensitivity, but has no effect on visual acuity (VA). These results suggest a different pattern of connectivity in the periphery with respect to the fovea as well as a different modulation of this connectivity via perceptual learning that not only reduces low-level lateral masking but also reduces crowding. These results have important implications for the rehabilitation of low-vision patients who must use peripheral vision to perform tasks, such as reading and refined figure-ground segmentation, which normal sighted subjects perform in the fovea.

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“…Crowding is ubiquitous in spatial vision. For example, crowding affects two-bar resolution (Takahashi, 1967), Vernier discrimination Levi, Klein, & Aitsebaomo, 1985;Westheimer & Hauske, 1975), stereopsis (Butler & Westheimer, 1978), line orientation sensitivity (Westheimer, Shimamura, & McKee, 1976), letter acuity (Flom, Weymouth, & Kahneman, 1963), and the contrast sensitivity for identifying letters (e.g., Chung, Levi, & Legge, 2001;Chung & Tjan, 2007;Pelli, Palomares, & Majaj, 2004;Strasburger, Harvey, & Rentschler, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowding between first- and second-order letter stimuli in normal foveal and peripheral vision

Chung

Levi

2007

Journal of Vision

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Evidence that the detection of first- and second-order visual stimuli is processed by separate pathways abounds. This study asked whether first- and second-order stimuli remain independent at the stage of processing where crowding occurs. We measured thresholds for identifying a first-order (luminance defined) or second-order (contrast defined) target letter in the presence of two second- or first-order flanking letters. For comparison, we also measured thresholds when the target and flanking letters were all first or second order. Contrast of the flankers was 1.6 times their respective contrast thresholds. Measurements were obtained at the fovea and 10 degrees in the lower visual field of four normally sighted observers. Two observers were also tested at 10 degrees nasal visual field. As expected, in both the fovea and periphery, the magnitude of crowding (threshold elevation) was maximal at the closest letter separation and decreased as letter separation increased. The magnitude of crowding was greater for second- than for first-order target letters, independent of the order type of flankers; however, the critical distance for crowding was similar for first- and second-order letters. Substantial crossover crowding occurred when the target and flanking letters were of different order type. Our finding of substantial interaction between first- and second-order stimuli suggests that the processing of these stimuli is not independent at the stage of processing at which crowding occurs.

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Interference with stereoscopic acuity: Spatial, temporal, and disparity tuning

Cited by 59 publications

References 10 publications

Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification

Vernier acuity, crowding and cortical magnification

Reducing Crowding by Weakening Inhibitory Lateral Interactions in the Periphery with Perceptual Learning

Crowding between first- and second-order letter stimuli in normal foveal and peripheral vision

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