Interferometric measurement of the physical constants of laser dye solvents

Abstract

The absolute value of refractive index and its variation with temperature of benzene and chloroform at He-Ne laser wavelength 6328 Å are measured. The measurements are carried out using laser interferometric technique. This technique is based on the shift of interference pattern when rotating the sample in one arm of a newly developed Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The refractive index shows a linear relationship with temperature in the range of interest. The thermal refractive index coefficients of benzene and chloroform are all negative. Applying Maxwell’s theory and Lorentz–Lorenz function, the obtained results are used for calculating the optical permittivity (or dielectric susceptibility) as a function of temperature and many other important related physical constants.

Dispersion of refractive properties of solvents: Chloroform, toluene, benzene, and carbon disulfide in ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] This critical review of the values of linear refractive indices of the above liquids has been motivated by the fact that they are often used in the studies of nonlinear optical ͑NLO͒ effects in the near-infrared region ͑0.7-2.5 m͒. Many NLO experiments are carried at around 800 nm using femtosecond pulses from a Ti:sapphire solid state laser, however, the availability of optical parametric amplifiers ͑OPA͒ operating at longer wavelengths allows one to measure nonlinear responses from solids and solutions in the telecommunication wavelength range, 1.2-1.6 m. The linear refractive indices are needed for determination of the third-order nonlinear optical properties ͑nonlinear refractive index, n 2 , the third-order susceptibility, (3) ) of solvents and solutes in solutions of organic materials. 14 -22 The NLO measurements can be performed on films of neat solid substances using, for example, degenerate four-wave mixing ͑DFWM͒ and Z-scan techniques with picosecond or femtosecond pulses, however, the procedure of measurements of solutions is quite convenient provided sufficient solubility of a compound is present.…”

“…14 -22 The NLO measurements can be performed on films of neat solid substances using, for example, degenerate four-wave mixing ͑DFWM͒ and Z-scan techniques with picosecond or femtosecond pulses, however, the procedure of measurements of solutions is quite convenient provided sufficient solubility of a compound is present. Refractive indices of a solvent, a solute, and of solutions are required to calculate the local field factor ͑the Lorentz factor, which relates local and external fields͒ in the derivation of the molecular nonlinearity, the second hyperpolarizability, ␥, of molecules from the (3) measurements. Also, an interest in the development of laser light sources and an increasing number of optoelectronic applications creates a need for the knowledge of the fundamental optical properties of materials in the telecommunication wavelength range.…”

“…A paper 1 entitled ''Study of refractive properties of laser dye solvents: toluene, carbon disulfide, chloroform, and benzene'' gave confusing values of refractive indices measured at two laser wavelengths, namely ϭ514.5 and ϭ632.8 nm. These indices were partially reported in a series of papers, [2][3][4] where they were used in the derivation of the constants of optical dispersion (dn/d) at 600 nm, optical permittivity (ϭn 2 ), the dielectric dispersion (d/d), and molecular constants: polarizability, molar refraction, molecular radius, etc. The wavelength dependence of the refractive index was described by a two parameter Cauchy's dispersion equation in the range 400-800 nm.…”

Refractive index measured by laser beam displacement at λ=1064 nm for solvents and deuterated solvents

“…The refractive index very often enters the analysis of optical experiments, and it was the need for refractive index values in the analysis of hyper-Rayleigh scattering measurements for liquid solvent samples that provided the motivation for the present work [1]. Accurate refractive indices n for liquid solvents measured at the 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser wavelength are usually unavailable from the literature, so a simple apparatus was constructed to measure n. Many techniques have been proposed and used to measure the refractive index [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The beam displacement method [2] appeared most suitable since it is especially simple and direct and the apparatus can be assembled from readily available standard components.…”

Monolithic optofluidic mode coupler for broadband thermo- and piezo-optical characterization of liquids

“…r m o -o p t i c c o e f f i c i e n t [ 1 e l e n g t h [ n m ] w a v e l e n g t h [ n m ] B e n z e n e ( C 6 H 6 ) ( a ) t h e r m o -o p t i c c o e f f i c i e n t [ 1 e l e n g t h [ n m ] T e t r a c h l o r o e t h y l e n e ( C 2 C l 4 ) w a v e l e n g t h [ n m ] n s m i s s i o n [ d B ] Measured TOC dispersion of (a) benzene compared to reference values (1 [30], 2 [31], 4 [33], 5 [34] and 6[38]) and (b) TCE (no reference available) around 20°C. Each red dot corresponds to one resonance.…”