Intergenerational Support and Second-Child Fertility Intention in the Chinese Sandwich Generation: The Parallel Mediation Model of Double Burnout

Fu, Wenxiao; Zhao, Wenlong; Deng, Feiqi

doi:10.3390/bs13030256

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The factors affecting fertility intentions are very complex and have been the subject of a great deal of scholarly research [ 34 , 52 , 53 ]. Research indicates that at the micro level, fertility intentions are related to factors such as working conditions [ 54 ], economic conditions [ 34 , 52 , 55 ], housing conditions [ 53 ], gender role attitudes [ 56 , 57 ], and family support [ 58 ], while at the macro level, fertility intentions are related to family policy and fertility policy, among other factors. Some scholars argue that economic conditions have a substitutionary effect on fertility intentions, i.e., the better a couple’s economic conditions, the lower their fertility intentions [ 59 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper takes college teachers in Jinan, China as the research object and studies their second child fertility intentions by referring to the influencing factors in Table 1 . In addition to attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control, other influencing factors are policy awareness [ 84 ], parental help [ 52 ], cost factor [ 101 ], and utility factor [ 102 ].…”

Section: Conceptual Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Basic demographic characteristics Gender [54,103,104] Age [38,[105][106][107] Health status [38,105,108] Education level [38,[105][106][107][108][109] Housing conditions [38,105,108] Gender of the first child [110] Age of the first child [111] Influencing factors Attitude [38,[105][106][107][108][109]112] Subjective norms [38,[105][106][107][108][109]112] Perceived behavior control [38,[105][106][107]109,112] Policy awareness [58,84] Parental help [52,113] Cost factor [101,102] Utility factor [102] https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299838.t001…”

Section: Influencing Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on influencing factors of college teachers’ second child fertility intentions——Taking Jinan as an example

Yao

2024

PLoS ONE

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Background Fertility intentions, as a direct driver of fertility behavior, play an important role in the implementation of national fertility policy and population development. This study explored the influencing factors of college teachers’ second child fertility intentions in Jinan, China on the basis of TPB. Methodology/Principal findings Based on the theory of planned behavior, this paper employs basic characteristics analysis, difference analysis, and factor analysis related to the fertility intentions of the participants. Analysis found participants between 31 and 40 years old had the highest second child fertility intentions, and participants with a college-age first child had the lowest second child fertility intentions. Attitude and subjective norms had a positive impact on second child fertility intentions, and policy awareness had a positive impact on attitude, which indirectly affected second child fertility intentions. Subjective norms had the greatest influence on second child fertility intentions, followed by attitude, and policy awareness had the least influence on second child fertility intentions. Significance/Future research The findings of this paper can enrich the theoretical research on fertility intentions, and also provide more optimal practical references for the formulation and propagation of China’s fertility policy as well as the improvement of the division of family roles in China. Future research can further explore the impact of fertility policy on the fertility intentions of other groups.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conceptual Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influencing Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Research on influencing factors of college teachers’ second child fertility intentions——Taking Jinan as an example

Yao

2024

PLoS ONE

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“…This will increase the care burden of middle-aged children, particularly young women, and thus the proportion of sandwich-generation women in society will tend to be increased (Elmhirst, 2012;Evans et al, 2016). There are social constructs; women from the working sandwich generation experience more diverse role-related to family care than males with the same role combination (Fu et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensing the Squeeze of Sandwich Generation Women in Jakarta, Indonesia

Irawaty¹,

Gayatri²

2023

JFS

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The majority of Indonesian women, known as "sandwich generations," have taken care of their young children and aging parents. Individual role-balancing challenges among these "sandwich" women have not yet, been fully investigated. This study aims to highlight Indonesian women's obstacles for being a sandwich generation. A qualitative descriptive case study through semi-structured interviews was carried out. A purposive sampling by key informants was conducted in June 2022 until saturation of the information was reached. This study involved six informants who live in Jakarta. Qualitative content analysis was carried out to generate codes and assign categories. From female respondent perspectives, males frequently provide financial support, whereas women are more likely to do so emotionally and assist with daily tasks like housework, grocery shopping, and personal cleanliness. Because of this, there was a significant conclusion that most sandwich-generation women received limited help during children and elderly care, evidencing the existence of other external factors favorable to physical, emotional, and mental stress and financial challenges.

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Will a government subsidy increase couples’ further fertility intentions? A real-world study from a large-scale online survey in Eastern China

Dong,

Wang,

Yuan

et al. 2024

Human Reproduction Open

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STUDY QUESTION How many couples with at least one child under 3 years would like to have another one or more child(ren) in Eastern China and will an in-cash subsidy be conducive to couple’s fertility intentions? SUMMARY ANSWER In sum, only 15.1% respondents had further fertility intentions (FFI) before learning about the subsidy, and the planned in-cash subsidy policy increased respondents’ overall FFI by 8.5%. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Fertility has been declining globally and has reached a new low in China. The reasons why the Chinese three-child policy was under-realized, and how couples will react to a planned monthly ￥1000 (€141.2) subsidy policy, are not fully understood. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION During January and February 2022, a cross-sectional online survey aiming to understand families’ expenses of raising a child under 3 years old, and couples’ FFI, was conducted. During the survey period, 272,510 respondents scanned the QR code. This study reports the findings pertaining to questions on respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, household factors, FFI and changes in intention from negative to positive after learning about the planned in-cash subsidy. After exclusion, 144,893 eligible responses were included. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Respondents’ FFI, the effect of a planned ￥1000/month*36 months’ in-cash subsidy (€5083.2 in total) on people with a negative FFI before the subsidy, and potential reasons for persistent negative FFI after learning about the subsidy were collected through an anonymous online survey. Stepwise binary logistic regression models were used to select associated factors. The potential fertility rate change and government costs were estimated. A stratified analysis by current child number and sensitivity analysis were also conducted. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In sum, 15.7% (22,804/144,893) of respondents were male, 15.1% of respondents reported a positive FFI, and 10.0% (12,288/123,051) without a FFI at first changed their intention after learning about the planned in-cash subsidy policy. For those who still said “no FFI”, 46.5%, 20.6% and 14.7% chose pressure on housing status, expenses on children’s education, and lack of time or energy for caring another child as their first reasons. FFI was strongest in participants receiving the most financial support from the respondents’ parents, ie, grandparents (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.63-1.84 for the >￥100,000/year group), and weakest in those already having two children (OR = 0.23, 95%CI = 0.22-0.24). For those with no FFI before learning about the subsidy policy, respondents with the highest house loan/rent (>￥120,000/year, OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.18-1.36) were more likely to change their FFI from “No” to “Yes”, and those with the highest household income (>￥300,000/year, OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.60-0.71) were least susceptible to the policy. In our study population, about 1843 more births every year and an additional 0.3 children per women were projected under a conservative estimation. Annual estimated cost at provincial-scale would be ￥817.7 (€115.5) million, about 1.02‰ of the total General Public Budget Revenue in 2022. The findings were generally robust in the stratified analysis and sensitivity analysis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Selection bias and information errors may exist in the online survey responses. The large sample size and detailed further analysis was used to minimize such biases. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Fertility intentions in Eastern China are rather low. Policymakers should focus more on financial and childcare burdens for a better realization of the three-child policy, including housing, education and childcare services. An in-cash subsidy, which has never been used in China previously, shows promising potential for increasing FFI. However, the application of such policy should be in line with local conditions for better cost-effectiveness regarding fertility-boosting and fiscal sustainability for the government in the long run. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (2019YFC0840702). The authors declare no conflict of interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.

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Intergenerational Support and Second-Child Fertility Intention in the Chinese Sandwich Generation: The Parallel Mediation Model of Double Burnout

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

Research on influencing factors of college teachers’ second child fertility intentions——Taking Jinan as an example

Research on influencing factors of college teachers’ second child fertility intentions——Taking Jinan as an example

Sensing the Squeeze of Sandwich Generation Women in Jakarta, Indonesia

Will a government subsidy increase couples’ further fertility intentions? A real-world study from a large-scale online survey in Eastern China

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