Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly in many countries. This pandemic has led to short-term as well as long-term psychosocial and mental health implications for all family members. The magnitude of family resilience is determined by many vulnerability factors like developmental age, educational status, preexisting mental health condition, being economically underprivileged or being quarantined due to infection or fear of infection. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and ProQuest were searched from the inception of the pandemic to December 31, 2020. Articles were screened for inclusion by Authors. Results: After exclusion, there were eight studies included in the analysis with 165,515 participants. The literature review demonstrated that pandemic has caused mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression. Creating daily practices of gratitude is important to build family wellbeing. It is essential to have good and healthy communication and to find positive activities to do together among family members which can build a sense of togetherness, trust, cohesion, and happiness. Conclusion: In conclusion, the pandemic has caused unpredictable and uncertain impacts that can pose a threat to the wellbeing of the families. Pandemic has caused mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression. A healthy relationship, communication, faith-based practices, a positive mindset, and building social support are adaptive coping to respond to the crisis and adversity together.

Purpose of the study: The study examined the implementation of early childhood education during the pandemic of COVID-19. Methodology: A systematic review identified the implementation in early childhood education settings. Electronic databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and manual search on Google Scholar were explored with specific keywords from the inception of the pandemic COVID-19 to November 30, 2020. Main Findings: Early childhood education has been influenced due to school closure. Most of the children experience online learning, to reduce the spread of the outbreak, especially when face-to-face learning cannot be conducted. Parents and teachers have significant roles in supporting the children to improve their cognitive and social development. However, the implementation of home learning causes some difficulties in relation to the self-regulation of very young children, the readiness to utilize digital technology and learning materials, parent’s beliefs and attitudes on online learning compared with traditional learning, and requirements of demanding time and knowledge to accompany the children. Therefore, it is important to have good communication between parents and teachers to support early childhood online learning during the outbreak. Applications of this study: This article will provide evidence from some countries about the matter of early childhood education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study will be useful for improving the quality of early childhood education. Novelty/Originality of this study: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the early childhood education has changed from the traditional system to online education system to reduce the spread of the diseases. This article will show the various implementations of learning system during the outbreak and the lesson learned.

Introduction Commencing breastfeeding within one hour of birth is defined as early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF). Both the mother and child benefit from EIBF. This study aims to identify the predictors of EIBF among Indonesian women. Methods This paper analyses data from a weighted sample of 6,616 women collected at the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2017.The frequency of EIBF is measured by the proportion of children born in the two years preceding the survey who received breastmilk within one hour of birth. The analysis uses bivariate and multivariate logistic regression for complex sample designs, adjusted for confounders to examine the relationship of EIBF with women's individual, household and community level characteristics. Results Overall, 57% (95% CI: 54.9%-58.2%) of the children born in the two years preceding the survey had EIBF. Statistically significant (p<0.05) predictors of EIBF are women's non-working status, second or higher order of the birth of the most recent child, average or large size of the most recent child at birth, poor status of the household and non-agricultural work of the woman's husband; while statistically highly significant (p<0.01) predictors are skin-to-skin contact with the newborn (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 2.28-3.00), Caesarean deliveries (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.40-0.56), and skilled birth attendants (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.65-2.08). Caesarean deliveries reduce the likelihood of EIBF by half compared to vaginal deliveries. Women's age, education or rural-urban residence display no statistically significant relationship with EIBF.

Younger maternal age increases maternal and neonatal risks, while the use of contraceptives among young married women is noticeably lower compared to older women. Contraceptive use can reduce the risk of reproductive health problems among young women. This study aimed to assess the determinants of modern contraceptive use among young married women aged 15-24 in Indonesia. The study utilized data of the 2019 Indonesian Population, Family Planning and Family Development Program Performance and Accountability Survey. The analysis was restricted to 3,927 young married women who were not pregnant during the survey, as they were likely to report either doing something or not postponing or delaying pregnancy. Logistic regression analyses were performed to predict factors influencing modern contraceptive use among young married women. Findings indicate that all demographic factors (age, residence, and region) and education were associated with modern contraceptive use. The number of living children and desire to have children revealed significant variability in modern contraceptive use among young married women. Other important factors in explaining contraceptive use were family planning program exposure factors such as knowledge of the contraceptive method and discussed family planning with health worker. The study underlines the importance of intervention programs aimed at increasing modern contraceptive information targeting adolescents who are older, residen in urban area, live in islands other than Java-Bali, have higher education; and encouraging provider-clients&rsquo; family planning interpersonal communication.

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