Interlaminar stress analysis of composites: Layer-wise shell finite elements including transverse strains

Boundary-layer hygrothermal stresses in laminated, composite, circular, cylindrical shell panels

“…As an example, Basar [26] proposed a four-node isoparametric layerwise shell element, with assumed transverse shear and transverse normal strain, to provide a compromise between the continuum theory and the equivalent singlelayer laminate theories. In addition, a comparative study of the interlaminar stresses in shells of revolution was made by Ramalingeswara and Ganesan [27].…”

A general high‐order finite element formulation for shells at large strains and finite rotations

“…Within the present formulation it is possible to consider higher-order kinematic approximations. For laminated, sandwich type shells, signiÿcantly more accurate results can be obtained by application of a layer-wise concept [1,14,20,21] in combination with assumption (4) rather than the use of higher-order polynomials. Also the multiplicative decomposition [8,9] of the ÿrst director 1 x = d into rotational variables d = d( ) and a stretch parameter is possible, but it is not needed for the general derivation of arbitrary order shell elements.…”

Large inelastic strain analysis by multilayer shell elements

“…This concept has been shown later (Wagner and Gruttmann [23], Ba~ar and Ding [21], Ba~ar et al [24]) to be also very effective in dealing with stress concentrations particularly with shells affected by dissimilar material properties. Exactly this last aspect explains the significance of this model for elasto-plastic analysis.…”

“…Multi-layer shell kinematics have been first introduced in connection with composite laminates in order to predict interlaminar effects more accurately (Epstein and Glockner [17], Reddy [18], Noor et al [19], Ba~ar [20], Ba~ar and Ding [21], Braun et al [22]). This concept has been shown later (Wagner and Gruttmann [23], Ba~ar and Ding [21], Ba~ar et al [24]) to be also very effective in dealing with stress concentrations particularly with shells affected by dissimilar material properties.…”

“…If large strains are to be considered the main requirement imposed on the shell theory formulation is the inclusion of transverse strains. This has been realized essentially in modern literature by two different approaches, by a refinement at the finite element level (Btichter et al [25], Betsch and Stein [26], Parsich [27]) or by a higher-order shell kinematics with at least with seven independent parameters (Ba}ar [20], Verhoeven [28], Ba}ar and Ding [21], Sansour [29]). The first approach has been shown to be computationally more efficient while the second one provides a kinematically consistent formulation.…”