Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines as Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvants for Induction of Protective Immunity against Influenza Virus

Crucial and Diverse Role of the Interleukin-33/ST2 Axis in Infectious Diseases

“…Mice showed significantly higher levels of specific IgG in the plasma and IgA in mucous secretions, with higher levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines leading to significant protection against a lethal influenza virus infection compared to control mice without adjuvant IL-33. The efficacy of adjuvant IL-33 was significantly reduced in mast cell-deficient mice, showing the important role of this cell population in the induction of specific mucosal immunity (33). Another study pointed out the link between IL-33 and mast cells.…”

“…After invasion with two other worm species, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri or Trichuris muris, the mast cells were described as regulators of IL-25 and IL-33 expression. Therefore, these cells could play a critical role in the development of a specific protective mucosal immunity during parasitic infections mediated by IL-33 (33,76).…”

“…A mucosal vaccine containing recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin and IL-33 as an adjuvant was intranasally administered in a mouse model (33). Mice showed significantly higher levels of specific IgG in the plasma and IgA in mucous secretions, with higher levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines leading to significant protection against a lethal influenza virus infection compared to control mice without adjuvant IL-33.…”

rIL-22 as an adjuvant enhances the immunogenicity of rGroEL in mice and its protective efficacy against S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium

“…Several cytokines have already been shown to be efficient adjuvants in animal models and/or in clinical trials. [20][21][22] Interleukin 22 (IL-22), a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines discovered in 2000, is an important effector molecule of activated Th17, Th1 and Th22 cells, cd T cells, natural killer cells and natural killer T cells. 23 It has been found to have a critical role in regulating host defense, tissue homeostasis and inflammation.…”

IL-36–Induced Toxicity in Neonatal Mice Involves TNF-α Production by Liver Myeloid Cells

“…These cytokines can act on both innate and adaptive immune cells, resulting in the stimulation of immune responses, thus making them potential adjuvant candidates (17)(18)(19)(20). Indeed, Kayamuro et al (19) tested 26 different cytokines as adjuvants, among which members of the IL-1 family, namely IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-18, and IL-33, induced the highest Agspecific IgG responses. IL-36 cytokines are new members of the IL-1 family that comprise three agonists, IL-36a, IL-36b, and IL-36g, that bind to the IL-36R and recruit the coreceptor IL-1R accessory protein, activating intracellular signals similar to those induced by other members of the IL-1 family.…”