Interleukin 25 and its biological features and function in intestinal diseases

Abstract

Interleukin 25 (IL-25), also known as IL-17E, is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family and an important regulator of the type 2 immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-25 interacts with diverse immune as well as non-immune cells and plays a rather complicated role in different backgrounds of multiple organs. IL-25 has been studied in the physiology and pathology of the intestine to some extent. With epithelial cells being an important source in the intestine, IL-25 plays a key role in intestinal immune responses and is associated with inappropriate allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and cancer tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the emerging comprehension of the biology of IL-25, as well as its cellular sources, targets, and signaling transduction. In particular, we discuss how IL-25 participates in the development of intestinal diseases including helminth infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, food allergy and colorectal cancer, as well as its underlying role in future therapy.

Cytokines in Allergic Conjunctivitis: Unraveling Their Pathophysiological Roles

“…IL-25 receptor (IL-25R), a heterodimeric receptor complex that consists of IL-17RA and IL-17RB, is expressed on eosinophils [ 96 ] and T cells ( Table 1 ) [ 97 ]. The cytoplasmic SER/IL-17R domain (SEFIR domain) is expressed on IL-17R, whereas Toll/IL-1R-like loop (TIR-like loop, TILL) domain and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta activation domain (C/EBPβ–activation domain/CBAD) is expressed on IL-17RA [ 140 , 162 , 163 , 164 ]. The binding of IL-25 to its receptor induces the SEFIR domain to recruit and activate nuclear factor kappa B Activator 1 (Act1).…”

The Roles of Various Immune Cell Populations in Immune Response against Helminths

“…It triggers the production of Th 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by activating ILC2s, and it fosters the activation and differentiation of CD4 + T cells into Th 2 cells. Furthermore, IL-25 induces the contraction of intestinal smooth muscle cells, facilitating the expulsion of worms during nematode infection [ 67 ]. Beyond its role in promoting type 2 responses, research indicates that it has the capability to suppress Th 1 and Th 17 responses across diverse environments, including the intestine [ 68 ].…”