Interleukin-6 G-174C gene polymorphism and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection among endurance athletes

Zehsaz, Farzad; Farhangi, Negin; Amir, Mohammad

doi:10.1016/j.jesf.2013.12.002

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This study of 170 highly trained athletes from various sports failed to identify significant differences in the gene polymorphisms for other pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐4, IL‐8 or IFN‐ɣ or the anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐10 or IL‐1ra between the healthy athletes and those prone to URS. A recent study of elite male athletes in endurance sports has identified genetic variation in the distribution of IL‐10 polymorphisms, with athletes prone to URS having the high‐expression genotype (GG) more frequently than the other two genotypes (AG+AA) and an increased likelihood of frequent URS 68 . A study unrelated to exercise indicated that differences in IFN‐ɣ and IL‐10 polymorphisms affect illness severity, cytokine protein levels and duration of illness in response to various viruses, 69 suggesting genetically determined variation in inflammatory responses are associated with the severity of the response and recovery time from viral infections.…”

Section: Genetic Predisposition To Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory inflammation and infections in high‐performance athletes

2015

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Upper respiratory illness is the most common reason for non-injury-related presentation to a sports medicine clinic, accounting for 35-65% of illness presentations. Recurrent or persistent respiratory illness can have a negative impact on health and performance of athletes undertaking high levels of strenuous exercise. The cause of upper respiratory symptoms (URS) in athletes can be uncertain but the majority of cases are related to common respiratory viruses, viral reactivation, allergic responses to aeroallergens and exercise-related trauma to the integrity of respiratory epithelial membranes. Bacterial respiratory infections are uncommon in athletes. Undiagnosed or inappropriately treated asthma and/or allergy are common findings in clinical assessments of elite athletes experiencing recurrent URS. High-performance athletes with recurrent episodes of URS should undergo a thorough clinical assessment to exclude underlying treatable conditions of respiratory inflammation. Identifying athletes at risk of recurrent URS is important in order to prescribe preventative clinical, training and lifestyle strategies. Monitoring secretion rates and falling concentrations of salivary IgA can identify athletes at risk of URS. Therapeutic interventions are limited by the uncertainty of the underlying cause of inflammation. Topical anti-inflammatory sprays can be beneficial for some athletes. Dietary supplementation with bovine colostrum, probiotics and selected antioxidants can reduce the incidence or severity of URS in some athletes. Preliminary studies on athletes prone to URS indicate a genetic predisposition to a pro-inflammatory response and a dysregulated anti-inflammatory cytokine response to intense exercise as a possible mechanism of respiratory inflammation. This review focuses on respiratory infections and inflammation in elite/professional athletes.

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Section: Genetic Predisposition To Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory inflammation and infections in high‐performance athletes

2015

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“…Training, particularly high intensities, and marked load increases, can induce this temporary immunosuppression causing recurrent infections (Gleeson et al, 2000 ; Konig et al, 2000 ; Tiollier et al, 2005 ; Tsai et al, 2011 ; Walsh et al, 2011a ; Hellard et al, 2015 ). Nevertheless, other potentially triggers and promotive risk factors must also be considered, such as previous illnesses (e.g., bronchial asthma; Reid et al, 2004 ; Spence et al, 2007 ; Cox et al, 2008 ), female gender (Himmelstein et al, 1998 ; Konig et al, 2000 ; He et al, 2014 ), age (Monto, 2002 ), genetic predispositions (Cox et al, 2010 ; Zehsaz et al, 2014 ), low IgA secretion rates (Gleeson et al, 1995 , 1999 ; Putlur et al, 2004 ; Fahlman and Engels, 2005 ; Nieman et al, 2006 ), air travel (Svendsen et al, 2016 ), cold (Walsh and Oliver, 2016 ), heat (Walsh and Oliver, 2016 ), hypoxia (Walsh and Oliver, 2016 ), stress (Novas et al, 2002 ; Putlur et al, 2004 ; Main et al, 2010 ), lack of sleep (Cohen et al, 2009 ; Main et al, 2010 ), malnutrition (Zapico et al, 2007 ; Walsh et al, 2011b ; Calder et al, 2014 ), and weight loss (Umeda et al, 2004 ; Shimizu et al, 2011 ). So far, it remains still controversial which factors, degree (e.g., duration, intensity, frequency), and attendant circumstances must be present for affecting immune system and finally developing clinical complaints (Fricker et al, 2000 ; Konig et al, 2000 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training Load, Immune Status, and Clinical Outcomes in Young Athletes: A Controlled, Prospective, Longitudinal Study

et al. 2018

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Introduction: Beside positive effects on athlete's health, competitive sport can be linked with an increased risk of illness and injury. Because of high relative increases in training, additional physical and psychological strains, and an earlier specialization and professionalization, adolescent athletes needs an increased attention. Training can alter the immune system by inducing a temporary immunosuppression, finally developing infection symptoms. Previous studies identified Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) as potential indicator for the immune status. In addition to the identification of triggering risk factors for recurrent infections, the aim was to determine the interaction between training load, stress sense, immunological parameters, and clinical symptoms.Methods: A controlled, prospective, longitudinal study on young athletes (n = 274, mean age: 13.8 ± 1.5 yrs) was conducted between 2010 and 2014. Also 285 controls (students, who did not perform competitive sports, mean age: 14.5 ± 1.9 yrs) were recruited. Athletes were examined 3 times each year to determine the effects of stress factors (training load: training hours per week [Th/w]) on selected outcome parameters (clinical [susceptibility to infection, WURSS-21: 21-item Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey], immunological, psychological end points). As part of each visit, EBV serostatus and EBV-specific IgG tiers were studied longitudinally as potential immune markers.Results: Athletes (A) trained 14.9 ± 5.6 h weekly. Controls (C) showed no lower stress levels compared to athletes (p = 0.387). Twelve percent of athletes reported recurrent infections (C: 8.5%, p = 0.153), the presence of an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was achieved in 30.7%. EBV seroprevalence of athletes was 60.3% (C: 56.6%, p = 0.339). Mean EBV-specific IgG titer of athletes was 166 ± 115 U/ml (C: 137 ± 112 U/ml, p = 0.030). With increasing Th/w, higher stress levels were observed (p < 0.001). Analyzes of WURSS-21 data revealed no relationship to training load (p = 0.323). Also, training load had no relation to EBV serostatus (p = 0.057) or the level of EBV-specific IgG titers (p = 0.364).Discussion: Young elite athletes showed no increased sense of stress, no higher prevalence of recurrent infections, and no different EBV-specific serological parameters compared to controls. Also, no direct relationship between training loads, clinical complaints, and EBV-specific immune responses was found. With increasing training loads athletes felt more stressed, but significant associations to EBV-specific serological parameters were absent. In summary, EBV serostatus and EBV-specific IgG titers do not allow risk stratification for impaired health. Further investigations are needed to identify additional risk factors and immune markers, with the aim to avoid inappropriate strains by early detection and following intervention.

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“…This finding may indicate that those with recurrent HZ have a higher genetic predisposition for HZ. There are reports on genetic susceptibility for other recurrent infections such as upper respiratory tract infections and genital chlamydia infection [ 16 , 17 ], in which the same immunogenetic factors as reported for HZ occurrence (IL-10 polymorphism) were implicated [ 18 , 19 ]. The proportion of recurrent HZ among case-patients in our study were similar to reoccurrence in other studies that also used self-reported HZ [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A case control study on family history as a risk factor for herpes zoster and associated outcomes, Beijing, China

Suo

Lü

et al. 2017

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundHospital-based case control studies have found family history of herpes zoster (HZ) was associated with risk of HZ, but the role of family history is not fully examined for other HZ-associated outcomes such as recurrent HZ, occurrence of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and HZ with different pain severities.MethodsWe conducted a population-based matched case control study. HZ cases that occurred during December 1, 2011 to November 30, 2012 were identified by face-to-face interview with all residents of eight selected communities/villages from three districts of Beijing, China. Medical records were reviewed for those who sought healthcare for HZ. For each case-patient, three, age-matched controls (±5 years) without HZ were enrolled from the same community/village of the matched case. Data on family history of HZ were collected by interview and only defined among first-degree relatives.ResultsA total of 227 case-patients and 678 matched controls were enrolled. Case-patients were more likely to report a family history of HZ [odds ratio (OR) =2.4, P = 0.002]. Compared with controls, association of family history decreased from HZ with PHN to HZ without PHN (OR = 6.0 and 2.3, respectively; P = 0.002 for trend), from recurrent HZ to primary HZ (OR = 9.4 and 2.2, respectively; P = 0.005 for trend), and from HZ with moderate or severe pain to HZ with mild or no pain (OR = 3.2 and 0.8, respectively; P < 0.001 for trend).ConclusionsFamily history of HZ was associated with HZ occurrence and was more likely in HZ case-patients with PHN, recurrences, and painful HZ.

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Interleukin-6 G-174C gene polymorphism and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection among endurance athletes

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Respiratory inflammation and infections in high‐performance athletes

Respiratory inflammation and infections in high‐performance athletes

Training Load, Immune Status, and Clinical Outcomes in Young Athletes: A Controlled, Prospective, Longitudinal Study

A case control study on family history as a risk factor for herpes zoster and associated outcomes, Beijing, China

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