Intermittent fasting and protein pacing are superior to caloric restriction for weight and visceral fat loss

Arciero, Paul J.; Poe, Michelle; Mohr, Alex E.; Ives, Stephen J.; Arciero, Autumn; Sweazea, Karen L.; Gumpricht, Eric; Arciero, Karen M.

doi:10.1002/oby.23660

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Weight loss and fat loss are more pronounced in those with overweight or obesity compared to normal weight controls. This rapid review evidences that IF and CER have comparable weight loss results; however, new evidence is emerging that in some cases IF may be more effective 52 . Therefore, IF could be recommended by practitioners as an alternative diet strategy for those who find CER difficult to maintain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This rapid review evidences that IF and CER have comparable weight loss results; however, new evidence is emerging that in some cases IF may be more effective. 52 Therefore, IF could be recommended by practitioners as an alternative diet strategy for those who find CER difficult to maintain. Most studies found some reduction in fat mass and none found an increase; therefore, those wishing to reduce fat mass could undertake IF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Lange,

Coffey,

Coleman

et al. 2024

J Human Nutrition Diet

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BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is rising globally and effective strategies to treat obesity are needed. Intermittent fasting, a dietary intervention for weight management, has received growing interest from the general public, as well as healthcare professionals, as a form of lifestyle intervention.MethodsWe executed a rapid review using PUBMED database to identify systematic reviews which examined the impact of intermittent fasting on metabolic indices, published between 2011 and 2022.ResultsIntermittent fasting leads to weight loss of a similar magnitude to continuous energy restriction. Most of the evidence shows that intermittent fasting leads to greater fat loss as measured by fat mass (kg) or body fat percentage when compared with ad libitum diet, but fat loss attained during intermittent fasting is not significantly different to continuous energy restriction although recent evidence shows intermittent fasting to be superior. There is mixed evidence for the impact of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, fasting glucose and lipid profile. Some studies focused on populations of Muslim people, which showed that Ramadan fasting may lead to weight loss and improvement of metabolic parameters during fasting, but the effects are reversed when fasting is finished.SummaryIntermittent fasting is more effective than an ad libitum dietary intake, and equally or more effective as continuous energy restriction, for weight management. However, there is inconclusive evidence on whether intermittent fasting has a clinically beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Lange,

Coffey,

Coleman

et al. 2024

J Human Nutrition Diet

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“…Long‐term caloric restriction has been demonstrated to induce favorable cardiovascular effects, namely reductions in blood pressure and improved lipid profile (Fontana et al., 2004; Holloszy & Fontana, 2007; Jakobsdottir et al., 2016; Nicoll & Henein, 2018; Walford et al., 2002), even in nonobese (Ravussin et al., 2015), though intermittent fasting (IF) may elicit similar effects (Arciero et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2021). Long‐term CR of ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of short‐term caloric restriction on cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese men and women: A single‐arm trial

DeBlauw,

Churchill,

Yunda

et al. 2023

Physiological Reports

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Overweight and obesity (Ow/Ob) is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Caloric restriction (CR) have been investigated but little is known about the acute effects of CR and often such diets are not standardized. Thus, we aimed to assess the impact of a new standardized 3‐day CR diet (590 kcal/d intake) on cardiometabolic health in weight‐stable Ow/Ob individuals. In a single‐arm design, 15 Ow/Ob men and women were assessed pre‐post a 3‐day standardized CR diet; specifically, body weight/composition (%body fat, visceral fat score (Vfs), blood pressure (BP), and vascular stiffness (VS), resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate utilization (respiratory quotient, RQ), and blood glucose/lipid profile). CR lowered body weight (93.1 ± 15.2 to 90.67 ± 14.4 kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.9), %fat (37.2 ± 7.5 to 35.8 ± 7.5%, p = 0.002, d = 1.1), and Vfs (13.1 ± 4.5 to 12.2 ± 3.9 a.u., p = 0.002, d = 1.1), but not body water (46.3 ± 3.6 to 46.0 ± 3.6%, p = 0.29). CR lowered VS (29.8 ± 17.5 to 21.5 ± 14.5%, p = 0.05, d = 0.6), but not BP (p > 0.05). Blood glucose (86 ± 7 to 84 ± 11 mg/dL, p = 0.33) and lipids (total cholesterol (196 ± 49 to 203 ± 54 mg/dL, p = 0.16) and TC/HDL (4.9 ± 2.4 to 6.1 ± 4.7, p = 0.13)) were unchanged. RQ decreased with CR (0.84 ± 0.01 to 0.76 ± 0.00, p < 0.001, d = 1.9), though REE was unchanged (p = 0.83). The 3‐day CR diet significantly improved fat metabolism, body weight and composition, and vascular stiffness.

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“…Body weight reduction is normally associated with a loss of both fat‐free mass (25–30%) and fat mass (70–75%) 25,26 . Unfortunately, we did not measure body composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition impacts energy homeostasis and induces sex‐specific body weight loss in humans

Mannaa,

Pfennigwerth,

Fielitz

et al. 2023

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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BackgroundPrevious data from a 2‐year randomized controlled trial (CRAD001ADE12) indicated that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition by everolimus slowed cyst growth in patients with autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). During the trial, we noted body weight loss in some patients, particularly in women. We hypothesized that everolimus causes body weight reduction by reduced food intake and/or metabolic changes, which could lead to cachexia.MethodsWithin a sub‐analysis of the CRAD001ADE12 trial, body weight course was investigated regarding sex‐specific differences in 433 adult ADPKD patients (everolimus, n = 215; placebo, n = 218). One hundred four out of 111 patients who participated in the clinical trial centre in Berlin were evaluated under everolimus/placebo therapy (on drug: everolimus, n = 48; placebo, n = 56) and after therapy (off drug: everolimus, n = 15; placebo, n = 18). Eating habits and nutrient/caloric intake were evaluated by validated questionnaires. Systemic and local metabolism was evaluated in four patients after an oral glucose load (OGL) by using calorimetry and adipose/muscle tissue microdialysis.ResultsWithin the 2‐year CRAD001ADE12 trial, a significant body weight loss was observed in female patients on everolimus versus placebo (P = 0.0029). Data of the Berlin Cohort revealed that weight loss was greater in women on everolimus versus men (P < 0.01). After 9 months, women and men had lost 2.6 ± 3.8 and 0.8 ± 1.5 kg (P < 0.05) in body weight, respectively, and after 21 months, they had lost 4.1 ± 6.6 and 1.0 ± 3.3 kg (P < 0.05), respectively. On everolimus, caloric intake was significantly lower in women versus men (1510 ± 128 vs. 2264 ± 216 kcal/day, P < 0.05), caused mainly by a lower fat and protein intake in women versus men. Cognitive restraints, disinhibition and hunger remained unchanged. In a subgroup of patients resting metabolic rate was unchanged whereas OGL‐induced thermogenesis was reduced (7 ± 2 vs. 11 ± 2 kcal, P < 0.05). Fasting and OGL‐induced fat oxidation was increased (P < 0.05) on versus off everolimus. In adipose tissue, fasting lipolytic activity was increased, but lipolytic activity was inhibited similarly after the OGL on versus off everolimus, respectively. In skeletal muscle, postprandial glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis was reduced in patients on everolimus.ConclusionsmTOR inhibition by everolimus induces body weight reduction, specifically in female patients. This effect is possibly caused by a centrally mediated reduced food (fat and protein) intake and by centrally/peripherally mediated increased fat oxidation (systemic) and mobilization (adipose tissue). Glucose uptake and oxidation might be reduced in skeletal muscle. This could lead to cachexia and, possibly, muscle wasting. Therefore, our results have important implications for patients recieving immune‐suppressive mTOR inhibition therapy.

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Intermittent fasting and protein pacing are superior to caloric restriction for weight and visceral fat loss

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

Metabolic changes with intermittent fasting

The effects of short‐term caloric restriction on cardiometabolic health in overweight/obese men and women: A single‐arm trial

Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition impacts energy homeostasis and induces sex‐specific body weight loss in humans

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