“…However, while male migration is primarily driven by reasons of work/employment, most female migration is for marriage or associated reasons (Rajan 2013 ; Rajan and Sumeetha 2019a ). However, studies have also pointed towards the increasing incidence of female migration or feminisation for employment on the rise (Neetha 2004 ; Rajan and Neetha 2018 ; Mahapatro 2020 ; Parida and Madheswaran 2020 ), which will be discussed in the next section. Fig.…”
Section: Section I: Internal Migration In India: Attributes and Pattementioning
This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on migration. The rapid spread of the pandemic caught countries across the world off guard, resulting in widespread lockdowns that clamped down on mobility, commercial activities and social interactions. In India, the pandemic precipitated a severe 'crisis of mobility', with migrant labourers in many major cities seeking to return to their hometowns. Their desperate attempts to return home by any means available rendered the lockdown ineffective in several areas, prompting clashes with authorities, last-minute policy relief and, eventually, the arrangement of transport measures. This paper aims to shed light on the vulnerability of India's internal migrants in terms of their mobility, gender and mental health. In addition, it critically analyses the limitations of public policy in addressing migrants and suggests recommendations for the way ahead.
“…However, while male migration is primarily driven by reasons of work/employment, most female migration is for marriage or associated reasons (Rajan 2013 ; Rajan and Sumeetha 2019a ). However, studies have also pointed towards the increasing incidence of female migration or feminisation for employment on the rise (Neetha 2004 ; Rajan and Neetha 2018 ; Mahapatro 2020 ; Parida and Madheswaran 2020 ), which will be discussed in the next section. Fig.…”
Section: Section I: Internal Migration In India: Attributes and Pattementioning
This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on migration. The rapid spread of the pandemic caught countries across the world off guard, resulting in widespread lockdowns that clamped down on mobility, commercial activities and social interactions. In India, the pandemic precipitated a severe 'crisis of mobility', with migrant labourers in many major cities seeking to return to their hometowns. Their desperate attempts to return home by any means available rendered the lockdown ineffective in several areas, prompting clashes with authorities, last-minute policy relief and, eventually, the arrangement of transport measures. This paper aims to shed light on the vulnerability of India's internal migrants in terms of their mobility, gender and mental health. In addition, it critically analyses the limitations of public policy in addressing migrants and suggests recommendations for the way ahead.
“…Of the total student migrants, 2.9 million (86.5 percent) moved within the state, and 0.45 million (13.5 percent) moved to other states. The unbalanced development across regions is the main reason for migration from rural to urban areas at both intrastate and interstate levels; potential migrants view urban areas as more developed in terms of providing facilities and opportunities for a better life (Chandrasekhar and Sharma, 2014; Mahapatro, 2012). The urban labor market, in particular, has shifted in favor of migrants with better skills, education and other characteristics (Srivastava, 2012).…”
Section: Student Migration In India Before Covid-19: Evidence From Th...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Migration as a phenomenon holds different rationalities for different categories of migrants; some choose to move voluntarily while others may be forced to move. Studies in the Indian context have largely focused on the economic motivations of migration, mostly centering on the search for better employment and livelihood opportunities (Bhagat, 2016; Mahapatro, 2012; Srivastava, 2012). However, over the years, undertaking migration to pursue higher and better education has risen significantly.…”
The education sector in India was among the most affected sectors during the COVID-19 pandemic. While considerable attention has been paid to informal workers' return or reverse migration to their home communities, not much has been reported about the challenges faced by migrant students. Using a mixed-method approach, the current study presents an overview of internal student migration in India prior to the COVID-19 pandemic using data from the 2001 and 2011 Census of India and the 2007–2008 National Sample Survey Organization, and discusses challenges faced by selected migrant learners during the COVID-19 pandemic based on primary research. Based on the census data, nearly 3.3 million migrants in India move for study reasons with 2.9 million migrating within the state (with the duration of residence less than five years) from their last residence within India. The pattern of female student migration suggests an increasingly localized interdistrict migration. Findings from the qualitative data indicate that during the pandemic, students had compromised learning and placement experience, inadequate digital resources and pressure to repay loans. Student migrants experienced varying degrees of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on their destination and migration stream.
“…Generally, even though female migration rates are seen to be closely interconnected with male migration rates, indicating that females accompany males as associational migrants, there is evidence that reflects there is also some economic motivation behind migration of women, and this economic role cannot be undermined (Mahapatro, 2010). A study conducted by the Centre for Women’s Development Studies (CWDS), though not directly linked to climate change, shows that women migrants working in paid domestic work, particularly in rural to urban migration, cut across all caste/tribe/community lines.…”
The research article seeks to focus on the status of women from the coastal districts of Odisha who have become migrants essentially because of repeated floods and extreme climatic events. Fluctuating weather conditions, the consequent depletion of agricultural work and availability of other forms of employment in their place of origin are some reasons behind the migration of these women. The study particularly looks at Bhubaneswar where women, largely illiterate and landless, mostly belonging to Scheduled Caste groups, have been able to find work on construction sites. Despite evident hardship, they have been able to meet the challenges of living in new urban destinations and in the process better their living conditions. This can be seen in the improvement of their financial status, a new-found focus of educating their daughters, the development of levels of self-confidence and the overcoming of some deeply entrenched social barriers. However, in other areas, the marginalisation of such groups continues, and vulnerabilities prevail in many forms, evident, for instance, in the lack of land ownership by women, the absence of opportunities to upgrade skills to access better work opportunities and issues of safety and security of young girls.
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