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Objective: There is a paucity of scientific analysis that has examined spatial heterogeneities in the socioeconomic vulnerabilities related to COVID-19 risk and potential mitigation strategies at the sub-national level in India. The present study examined the demographic, socioeconomic, and health system-related vulnerabilities shaping COVID-19 risk across 36 states and union territories in India. Study Design: Using secondary data from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India; Census of India, 2011; National Family Health Survey, 2015-16; and various rounds of the National Sample Survey, we examined socioeconomic vulnerabilities associated with COVID-19 risk at the sub-national level in India from March 16, 2020 to May 03, 2020. Methods: Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA), and the negative binomial regression model were used to examine the predictors of COVID-19 risk in India. Results: There persist substantial heterogeneities in the COVID-19 risk across states and union territories in India. The underlying demographic, socioeconomic and health infrastructure characteristics drive the vulnerabilities related to COVID-19 in India. Conclusion: This study emphasizes that concerted socially inclusive policy action and sustained livelihood/economic support for the most vulnerable population groups is critical to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

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Little is known about the factors that determine the remittance behaviour of migrants in India. With socioeconomic transformations, the gradual change in female migration patterns for economic reasons also signifies their contribution to household well-being. Using the National Sample Survey (2007-2008) data and applying the Heckman's two-stage procedure, this paper examines, separately, key determinants that influence the remittance behaviour of male and female migrants. Empirical estimates reveal that among various factors, monthly per capita expenditure, distance from origin, and duration of stay at destination are important predictors of remittance behaviour. These determinants of remittance highlight that migrants retain strong economic links with origin families not only to provide economic support but also for social ties. The findings provide support of contractual motive of remitting and suggest remittances are more effective in promoting development. Further, gender differences in remittance behaviour are observed for household size, occupational and educational level of the migrant.