Internal migration in a developing country: A panel data analysis of Ecuador (1982–2010)

Royuela, Vicente; Ordóñez, Jessica

doi:10.1111/pirs.12251

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Albeit less marked than observed with PM 2.5 , districts with the highest migration rates are concurrently the most impoverished areas. Recent studies characterized www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ the Peruvian internal migrants as primarily low-income population 24,65 , similar to other studies worldwide 66,67 . Taken together, the evidence points to the fact that the main mechanisms that drive migration and consequently higher PM 2.5 exposure levels and burden are poverty and seeking of economic and educational opportunities.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Revealing the air pollution burden associated with internal Migration in Peru

Carrasco-Escobar

Schwarz

Miranda

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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This study aims to quantify changes in outdoor (ambient) air pollution exposure from different migration patterns within Peru and quantify its effect on premature mortality. Data on ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) was obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Census data was used to calculate rates of within-country migration at the district level. We calculated differences in PM 2.5 exposure between "current" (2016-2017) and "origin" (2012) districts for each migration patterns. Using an exposure-response relationship for PM 2.5 extracted from a metaanalysis, and mortality rates from the Peruvian Ministry of Health, we quantified premature mortality attributable to each migration pattern. Changes in outdoor PM 2.5 exposure were observed between 2012 and 2016 with highest levels of PM 2.5 in the Department of Lima. A strong spatial autocorrelation of outdoor PM 2.5 values (Moran's I = 0.847, p-value=0.001) was observed. In Greater Lima, ruralto-urban and urban-to-urban migrants experienced 10-fold increases in outdoor PM 2.5 exposure in comparison with non-migrants. Changes in outdoor PM 2.5 exposure due to migration drove 137.1 (95%CI: 93.2, 179.4) premature deaths related to air pollution, with rural-urban producing the highest risk of mortality from exposure to higher levels of ambient air pollution. Our results demonstrate that the rural-urban and urban-urban migrant groups have higher rates of air pollution-related deaths. Migration is increasingly recognized as an important determinant for population health 1-4. Nowadays, more than 244 million international migrants are estimated globally 5 with considerable gaps in health care services. Furthermore, a significantly larger number of internal migrants − people moving within their country of birth − has been documented 4 , with a particular health burden despite being nationals. Migrants are commonly exposed to a range of challenges such as low quality of labor conditions, massive vehicular traffic, sedentarism (low level of physical activity), lack of social support, limited access to healthy food choices 6 , and stress 7,8. Social vulnerability from economic instability, social isolation, poor access to healthcare services, increased exposure to infectious diseases, and traumatic events related to the migration itself have also been known to affect migrants' health 9-14. In addition to these stressors, migrants are exposed to new environments, which may have further impacts. Environmental changes and exposures have been studied as drivers of migration 15-17 , including how exposure to hazards or availability of ecosystem services can lead residents' to migrate away from these harmful environments. Although there is abundant literature studying how environmental hazards can drive emigration, only one study conducted in the United States (U.S.) has investigated how migrants may also be at a differential risk for environmental exposures. Interestingly, this study found that international immigrants in the U.S. are general...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Revealing the air pollution burden associated with internal Migration in Peru

Carrasco-Escobar

Schwarz

Miranda

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…We include the ratio of GDP per capita for the country of origin relative to the GDP per capita for the country of destination, as a proxy for the gap in economic development and absorption capacity between both countries [34,35]. A smaller ratio of GDP per capita might indicate a greater probability of obtaining higher income levels in the destination country [21,30], which represents a key factor in the decision to migrate [36]. The data is taken from the World Bank.…”

Section: Explanatory Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicians’ brain drain - a gravity model of migration flows

Botezat

Ramos

2020

Global Health

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Background: The past two decades have been marked by impressive growth in the migration of medical doctors. The medical profession is among the most mobile of highly skilled professions, particularly in Europe, and is also the sector that experiences the most serious labour shortages. However, surprisingly little is known about how medical doctors choose their destinations. In addition, the literature is scarce on the factors determining the sharp rise in the migration of doctors from Africa, Asia and Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and how the last economic crisis has shaped the migration flows of health professionals. Methods: We use the new module on health worker migration provided by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for 2000-2016 in order to examine the channels through which OECD countries attract foreign physicians from abroad. We estimate a gravity model using the Pseudo-Poisson Maximum Likelihood estimator. Results: Our results reveal that a lower unemployment rate, good remuneration of physicians, an aging population, and a high level of medical technology at the destination are among the main drivers of physicians' brain drain. Furthermore, an analysis of the mobility of medical doctors from a number of regions worldwide shows that individuals react differently on a country-wise basis to various determinants present in the destination countries. Physicians from African countries are particularly attracted to destination countries offering higher wages, and to those where the density of medical doctors is relatively low. Concurrently, a higher demand for healthcare services and better medical technology in the receiving country drives the inflow of medical doctors from Central and Eastern Europe, while Asian doctors seem to preferentially migrate to countries with better school systems. Conclusions: This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the channels through which OECD countries attract foreign medical doctors from abroad. We find that, apart from dyadic factors, a lower unemployment rate, good remuneration of physicians, an aging population, and good medical infrastructure in the host country are among the main drivers of physicians' brain drain. Furthermore, we find that utility from migration to specific countries may be explained by the heterogeneity of origin countries.

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“…Throughout the period of the analysis (2007-2017) the urbanization process is characterized by faster population growth for small and median cities, with a decreasing tendency over timeDiaz Sanchez, 2018 andOrdóñez, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

What drives the spatial wage premium in formal and informal labor markets? The case of Ecuador

Matano

Obaco

Royuela

2020

Journal of Regional Science

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This article investigates the incidence of agglomeration externalities in Ecuador, a small‐sized, middle‐income developing country. In particular, we analyze the role of the informal sector within these relations, since informal employment accounts for a significant part of total employment in the developing countries. Using individual level data and instrumental variable techniques, we investigate the impact of spatial externalities, in terms of population density, local specialization and urban size, on the wages of workers in Ecuadorian cities. The results show that spatial externalities matter also for a small developing country. Moreover, analysis of the interaction between spatial externalities and informality shows that, on average, workers employed in the informal sector do not enjoy significant benefits from agglomeration externalities. Finally, by investigating the possible channels behind spatial agglomeration gains we show that the advantages from agglomeration for formal sector workers may well be accounted for by better job‐quality matches and, to a lesser extent, by learning externalities. For informal sector workers, our findings also suggest possible gains from job changes, which offset a penalty for remaining employed in the same occupation.

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Internal migration in a developing country: A panel data analysis of Ecuador (1982–2010)

Cited by 32 publications

References 68 publications

Revealing the air pollution burden associated with internal Migration in Peru

Revealing the air pollution burden associated with internal Migration in Peru

Physicians’ brain drain - a gravity model of migration flows

What drives the spatial wage premium in formal and informal labor markets? The case of Ecuador

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