In this paper, we examine determinants of internal migration flows between the 21 provinces of Ecuador from 1982 to 2010. Using specifications based on the gravity model, we identified push and pull factors. We considered multilateral resistance to migration by using various monadic and dyadic fixed effects structures. The study confirmed the concentration of the population in the two provinces that contain the country's main cities. However, in recent years, this trend has weakened, to the extent that the provinces with the greatest influx of migrants are not necessarily the most populated. This indicates that growth has become more balanced throughout the territory, and that small and medium‐sized cities are increasingly important.
RESUMENSe estudian los factores relacionados con la decisión de realizar emprendimientos en Loja, Ecuador, a partir de una encuesta a retornados. Las posibles explicaciones se agrupan en: características demográficas, trayectoria en el extranjero, motivos del retorno, situación actual, "reemigración" y actividad antes, durante y después de la migración.Se consideran, además, diferentes conceptos de emprendedor, ya sea como trabajador por cuenta propia y como empleador. Los resultados se analizan utilizando, primero, pruebas univariantes y, posteriormente, estimando modelos probit. Las variables que más aumentan la probabilidad de emprender tras el retorno son la experiencia emprendedora durante la migración y el regreso por motivos voluntarios, así como haber trabajado en el lugar de destino en actividades de agricultura y hostelería. Inciden negativamente la formación universitaria y el trabajo en la administración pública antes de migrar. Otras variables influyentes son la edad o el salario recibido en el extranjero, pero presentan más matices. PALABRAS CLAVEMigración internacional, migración de retorno, pequeñas empresas, migrantes, capacidad empresarial, encuestas, modelos econométricos, Ecuador CLASIFICACIÓN JEL F22, J61, L26 AUTORES
This study explores the relationship between agglomeration economies and industrial productivity between 1980 and 2010 in Ecuador. The measure of productivity used is labor productivity. We conclude that urbanization economies have a positive impact on productivity in the period analyzed. These results are consistent with other works for developed and developing countries. JEL classification: R12
Los festivales culturales constituyen un poderoso instrumento para promover la cultura, el arte, el empleo, la reconfiguración de las actividades productivas y el desarrollo local. El objetivo del documento es analizar las externalidades y los determinantes de la Disposición a Pagar (DAP) por el Festival Internacional de Artes Vivas Loja (FIAVL), para la activación y apropiación de los espacios públicos urbanos. A partir de encuestas se identifican las externalidades de este evento cultural reconocido como un bien público, la DAP se calculó a través del método de valoración contingente, además a través de un modelo probabilístico se identifican los determinantes de su demanda. Como resultado, la DAP es del 55%, sus determinantes son: el grado de bienestar percibido, nivel de educación superior o más, asistir al evento y vivir en el centro de la ciudad. Estos resultados evidencian la necesidad de fortalecer el uso y apropiación de los espacios públicos que promuevan el accionar del capital social bajo iniciativas culturales y creativas.
SUMMARYDrawing on data from a survey of returning migrants, this study examines the factors behind the decision to launch a business in Loja, Ecuador. The possible explanations fall under various headings: demographic characteristics, work experience abroad, reasons for returning, current situation, intention to re-emigrate, and activity before, during and after migration.The study also considers different concepts of "entrepreneur", as own-account worker and as employer. The results are analysed, first, using univariate tests and then estimating probit models. The variables most closely associated with a high probability of starting a business after returning from migration are entrepreneurial experience during the migration, and the fact of having returned voluntarily, as well as having worked in the host country in agriculture or the hospitality sector. Having university training and having worked in public administration before migrating are negative factors. Other influential variables are age and the wage or salary received abroad, but these are more nuanced.
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