International Bias Detected in Judging Gymnastic Competition at the 1984 Olympic Games

Ansorge, Charles J.; Scheer, John K.

doi:10.1080/02701367.1988.10605486

Cited by 52 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…As hypothesized, the probability of a home win for technical knockouts fell between that of The present study provides strong support for research demonstrating increased officiating bias, of various types, in sports that involve subjective decision-making, specifically with regard to judging outcome (e.g. Ansorge & Scheer, 1988;Ansorge et al, 1978;Campbell & Galbraith, 1996;Park & Werthner, 1977;Scheer & Ansorge, 1975;Seltzer & Glass, 1991;Ste-Marie & Lee, 1996;Ste-Marie & Valiquette, 1996;Whissell et al, 1993). In addition, the significantly greater home advantage for points decisions supports the hypothesis that subjectively judged sports enjoy greater home advantage (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Nationalistic and/or political biases have been demonstrated for a range of subjectively judged events, including Olympic diving (Park & Werthner, 1977), figure skating (Campbell & Galbraith, 1996;Seltzer & Glass, 1991) and gymnastics (Ansorge & Scheer, 1988;Whissell, Lyons, Wilkinson, & Whissell, 1993). Interestingly, this bias seems to have changed little across time (Campbell & Galbraith, 1996) despite considerable interest in the issue, notably at the 1978 World Figure Skating Championships where the USSR judging delegation was suspended as a result of such bias.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing?

Balmer

Nevill

Lane

2005

Journal of Sports Sciences

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There have been many examples of contentious points decisions in boxing. Professional boxing is scored subjectively by judges and referees scoring each round of the contest. We assessed whether the probability of a home win (and therefore home advantage) increased when bouts were decided by points decisions rather than knockouts. Overall, we found that bouts ending in points decisions had a significantly higher proportion of home wins than those decided by a knockout, though this effect varied across time, and controlling for relative quality of boxers was only effective when using more recent data. Focusing on these data, again the probability of a home win was higher with a points decision and this effect was consistent as ''relative quality'' varied. For equally matched boxers (''relative quality'' = 0), expected probability of a home win was 0.57 for knockouts, 0.66 for technical knockouts and 0.74 for points decisions. The results of the present study lend general support to the notion that home advantage is more prevalent in sports that involve subjective decision-making. We suggest that interventions should be designed to inform judges to counter home advantage effects.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing?

Balmer

Nevill

Lane

2005

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…However, the results do not provide trainers with sufficient information on which technical elements should be improved and, more importantly, at what time and to what extent a given gymnast makes technical errors. Moreover, performance during competition can be affected by intentional or unintentional errors on the part of the judge, as confirmed by Ansorge and Scheer [11], Plessner and Schallies [12], and Bucar-Pajek et al [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

The level of technical efficiency of youngest-category gymnasts based on the phase structure of elementary floor exercises

Omorczyk¹,

Kost²,

Dudek³

et al. 2013

Kinesiology

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SummaryAim of the study. To determine the level of technical efficiency of gymnasts from the youngest sports category in elementary floor exercises.Material and methods. Study participants comprised 12 boys who trained in gymnastics in four gymnastic clubs in the Małopolskie Voivodeship. The participants were 7 and 8 years old. The study assessed their performance in floor exercises using a test developed and implemented by trainers from the aforementioned gymnastic clubs. All exercises were registered with a camera. The obtained video footage was subjected to further analysis. The performed exercises were evaluated by experts in gymnastics, who ascribed numerical values to observed errors. Each exercise was divided into movement phases, which were subjected to separate analysis by the experts.Results. The results of this study are presented in tables together with points ascribed by the experts. The technique of performing each exercise (according to all the constituent phases) was presented on the basis of elementary parameters of descriptive statistics. A synthetic indicator of technical efficiency was created by summing up the values of errors in each phase (Me = 30.00 pts).Conclusions. Study participants vary significantly in terms of technical efficiency. The greatest values of technical errors in all floor exercises performed by youngest-category gymnasts were noted in the forward roll onto arms and in the left leg cartwheel. Analysis of video footage of individual exercise phases allowed the experts to reliably spot technical errors. The analysis will enable trainers to select appropriate training methods in order to eliminate these errors.

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“…Figure skating, gymnastics, and ski jumping are three sports which have received previous attention from researchers, and conclusions from different examinations over the span of multiple years and Olympic games has shown judges score the athletes from their own countries higher than athletes from other countries (Ansorge & Scheer, 1988;Seltzer & Glass, 1991;Whissell, Lyons, Wilkinson, & Whissell, 1993;Popovic, 2000;Lock & Lock, 2003;Zitzewitz, 2006). One constant limitation of doing studies of figure skating and gymnastics is detailed and individual judging results are not released to the public (more so in gymnastics events), so speculation has to occur to draw conclusions.…”

Section: Nationalism Bias In Sportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winning Isn’t Everything: The Effect of Nationalism Bias on Enjoyment of a Mediated Sporting Event

Smith

2012

International Journal of Sport Communication

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International Bias Detected in Judging Gymnastic Competition at the 1984 Olympic Games

Cited by 52 publications

References 1 publication

Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing?

Do judges enhance home advantage in European championship boxing?

The level of technical efficiency of youngest-category gymnasts based on the phase structure of elementary floor exercises

Winning Isn’t Everything: The Effect of Nationalism Bias on Enjoyment of a Mediated Sporting Event

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