“…The extent literature has discussed the mechanisms and performance of maritime participation in the ETSs, including fleet composition optimization, mechanism comparison and analysis, − carbon leakage, , and cost impact. , However, detailed maritime-ETS investigation is lacking across multiple ETS jurisdictions, and equities in managing maritime transport emissions on a cross-regional scale are unclear; thus, vessel charterers could raise sovereignty issues if their emissions are fully credited to a single carbon market . Additional studies have explored the possibility of full linkages between and among ETSs. − However, regional economics, natural resources, and political disparities pose challenges for complete and open cap-and-trade across ETSs. A direct link to the carbon market (full interoperability of carbon allowances) would raise concerns about carbon price volatility; , thus, to address the current controversies in international transportation abatement, a limited joint mechanism for existing ETSs must be determined while partitioning the scope of cross-regional emissions.…”