International R &amp; D collaboration in developing solar thermal
technologies for electric power and solar chemistry : The solarPACES program of the International Energy Agency (IEA)

Grasse, W.; Tyner, C.E.; Steinfeld, Aldo

doi:10.1051/jp4:1999302

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Efficient utilization of high-temperature heat from concentrated solar radiation represents a subject that is of current interest. , The conversion of the solar heat to chemical fuels has the advantage of producing energy carriers for storing and transporting solar energy from the sun belt to the remote population centers. Direct thermochemical conversion is desired.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ni−Mg−O Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Catalytically-Activated Foam Absorber in a Solar Reforming Receiver-Reactor

et al. 2003

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A nickel−magnesia solid solution Ni−Mg−O was examined as a catalyst for solar CO2 reforming of methane. The activity was tested in a laboratory-scale transparent (quartz) reactor under direct irradiation of the catalyst by high-flux visible light from a sun-simulator. The 8−11 wt % Ni−Mg−O catalyst gave the high reforming activity or about 100% of chemical conversion, with little coking, under a high-flux irradiation of 890 kW m-2 and at a short residence time of about 0.15 s while passing a 1:1 CH4−CO2 gas mixture at 1 atm. The comparison of the activity data with those obtained in a light-irradiated, nontransparent (steel) reactor showed that the intensification of heat supply by the direct light irradiation of the Ni−Mg−O catalyst leads to considerable reaction rate enhancement. Applying this Ni−Mg−O catalyst, a new type of “catalytically activated” ceramic (alumina) foam absorber was prepared and tested on activity in a laboratory-scale volumetric receiver-reactor using the sun-simulator. This new absorber may be applied in solar receiver-reactor systems for converting concentrated solar high fluxes to chemical fuels via endothermic natural-gas reforming.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ni−Mg−O Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Catalytically-Activated Foam Absorber in a Solar Reforming Receiver-Reactor

et al. 2003

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“…The conversion of concentrated solar heat to chemical fuels has the advantage of producing energy carriers for storing and transporting solar energy. − The direct themochemical conversion of solar radiation energy is characterized by ideal high efficiency; its thermodynamic limit for the enthalpy storing is close to 100%. From this point of view of the chemical pathway for this process, solar reforming of natural gas has been investigated as the most promising “solar thermochemical process”. − The following endothermic steam/CO 2 reforming of methane is the basis for upgrading the calorific value of the hydrocarbons, which produce syngas: …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytically Activated Metal Foam Absorber for Light-to-Chemical Energy Conversion via Solar Reforming of Methane

2002

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CO 2 reforming of methane was examined under direct irradiation of the catalytically activated metal foam absorber by solar-simulated, concentrated visible light in the small receiver-reactor system with a transparent window. Rh, Ru, or Ni was applied as the active metal on the aluminacoated or noncoated Ni-Cr-Al metal foam disk for the preparation of the absorber. Rh showed the best activity on the noncoated metal foam while Ru was the best on the alumina-coated one. The most active and stable Ru/Al 2 O 3 /Ni-Cr-Al-foam absorber yielded a maximum methane conversion of 73% at a GHSV of 8500 h -1 and at ambient pressure, in which about 50% of the incident light energy reaching the absorber was stored as chemical enthalpy at a relatively low value of the average input-power density of radiation, F ) 180 kW m -2 (the peak flux density of 274 kW m -2 at the center of the irradiated surface of the absorber). This catalytically activate metal foam absorber will be used in the receiver-reactor system for solar methane reforming at relatively low-energy fluxes of concentrated solar radiation.

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“…The efficient conversion of high-temperature heat from concentrated solar radiation to chemical fuels enables solar energy storage and transportation from the sun belt to remote population centers. − Solar reforming of natural gas has been extensively examined as a solar thermochemical conversion process by many research groups such as the German Aerospace Research Center (DLR) in Germany, Sandia National Laboratories in the United States, and the Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS) in Israel. − The reforming process is a catalytic endothermic reaction between low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons, like methane, with steam or carbon dioxide, which produces synthesis gas or syngas containing primarily CO and H 2 : These endothermic reactions are the basis for upgrading the calorific value of the hydrocarbons by roughly 25%, using solar energy. Solar reforming of methane was first developed for the closed-loop Solar Chemical Heat Pipe (SCHP) working on the cycle of methane reforming and reverse synthesis gas methanation. ,,,− However, in recent years, the open loop thermochemical heat pipe based on steam or CO 2 reforming of methane has rather received much attention. ,,,, The calorifically upgraded product of syngas can be stored and transported for a conventional gas turbine (GC) or a combined cycle (CC), to generate electricity with a high conversion efficiency (up to 55% in a modern, large CC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Solar CO₂-Reforming of Methane

et al. 2002

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Catalytic activity and selectivity of Ni catalysts for solar CO 2 -reforming of methane were examined under direct irradiation of the catalyst by solar-simulated, concentrated Xe-arc lamp light, using a small-scaled transparent (quartz) packed-bed reactor. The Ni catalysts (17 wt %-Ni), supported with R-Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , and TiO 2 , were tested, and the Ni/R-Al 2 O 3 showed the best activity and selectivity under the solar simulation, as well as under direct irradiation by infrared light. With the Ni/R-Al 2 O 3 catalyst at the energy flux density of the incident light ) 810 kW m -2 and at the GHSV ) 18700 h -1 , more than 90% of methane was chemically converted to syngas, in which 16% of the incident light energy was stored as chemical enthalpy. The activity data were compared to those for the catalyst irradiated by infrared light or UV-cut Xe light at various reaction temperatures or incident energy flux densities. This comparison indicated that the solarsimulated reforming with the Ni/R-Al 2 O 3 was scarcely enhanced by UV-photochemical effect and that the activity was mainly determined by the thermochemical effect or the catalyst-bed temperature.

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International R & D collaboration in developing solar thermal technologies for electric power and solar chemistry : The solarPACES program of the International Energy Agency (IEA)

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Ni−Mg−O Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Catalytically-Activated Foam Absorber in a Solar Reforming Receiver-Reactor

Ni−Mg−O Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Catalytically-Activated Foam Absorber in a Solar Reforming Receiver-Reactor

Catalytically Activated Metal Foam Absorber for Light-to-Chemical Energy Conversion via Solar Reforming of Methane

Nickel Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Solar CO₂-Reforming of Methane

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International R & D collaboration in developing solar thermal technologies for electric power and solar chemistry : The solarPACES program of the International Energy Agency (IEA)

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Ni−Mg−O Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Catalytically-Activated Foam Absorber in a Solar Reforming Receiver-Reactor

Ni−Mg−O Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Catalytically-Activated Foam Absorber in a Solar Reforming Receiver-Reactor

Catalytically Activated Metal Foam Absorber for Light-to-Chemical Energy Conversion via Solar Reforming of Methane

Nickel Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Solar CO2-Reforming of Methane

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Nickel Catalyst Driven by Direct Light Irradiation for Solar CO₂-Reforming of Methane