International Technology Transactions and the Theory of the Firm

Davidson, William H.; McFetridge, D. G.

doi:10.2307/2098016

Cited by 124 publications

(49 citation statements)

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“…This confirms earlier findings by Mansfield and Romeo (1980). Davidson and McFetridge (1984) find that the probability of outsourcing is lower the more radical the technology and the larger the R&D department of a firm. Other studies indicate that, in general, outsourcing is more frequent the more codifiable and less complex the technology is -with complexity being measured through the amount of R&D necessary to produce a good (Wilson, 1977;Kogut and Zander, 1993).…”

Section: Firm Motives For Randd Outsourcingsupporting

confidence: 91%

Corporate decision-making in R&D outsourcing and the impact on internal R&D employment intensity

Teirlinck¹,

Dumont

Spithoven

2010

Industrial and Corporate Change

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This paper aims to assess whether firms' strategies of R&D outsourcing determine changes in their internal R&D employment intensity. Four strategic decisions are investigated: to start, increase, decrease or stop outsourcing. It is found that internal R&D employment intensity decreases when firms decide to start or to increase R&D outsourcing. However, this finding hides important differences according to the type and location of the contractor.Starting to outsource to research centers in the proper region seems to decrease internal R&D employment intensity, whereas the opposite is true in case of outsourcing to firms and universities outside the proper region.

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Section: Firm Motives For Randd Outsourcingsupporting

confidence: 91%

Corporate decision-making in R&D outsourcing and the impact on internal R&D employment intensity

Teirlinck¹,

Dumont

Spithoven

2010

Industrial and Corporate Change

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“…He writes: When the now dead metaphor 'he was burned up' was "active, we would have pictured fire in the eyes or smoke coming out of the ears." 29 Since pictures, on his view, do not have cognitive content, this is meant to bolster his argument that neither do metaphors. However, whether or not we would have pictured this, Davidson is right that when the metaphor was acwww.thebalticyearbook.org…”

Section: Life In the Metaphorical Familymentioning

confidence: 96%

The Life and Death of a Metaphor, or the Metaphysics of Metaphor

Stern¹

2007

Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communica

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This paper addresses two issues: (1) what it is for a metaphor to be either alive or dead and (2) what a metaphor must be in order to be either alive or dead. Both issues, in turn, bear on the contemporary debate whether metaphor is a pragmatic or semantic phenomenon and on the dispute between Contextualists and Literalists. In the first part of the paper, I survey examples of what I take to be live metaphors and dead metaphors in order to establish that there is a phenomenon here to be explained. I then propose an explanation of metaphorical vitality (and by implication of metaphorical death) in terms of the dependence of the interpretation of a metaphor on a family or network of expressions specific to its context of utterance. I then argue that only a Literalist account of metaphor -one that posits metaphorical expressions (a la Stern (2000))-and not Contextualist and Gricean approaches can accommodate this explanation. Finally, I discuss some objections to my Literalist account and sketch an explanation of types to counter Platonistic objections to my metaphorical expression types.Metaphors have lives. They are born on the occasion of their first utterance or inscription. Their progenitors are their literal vehicles and the speakers who use them. 1 Some have lives no longer than it takes to utter them, others are stillborn, and many, like the mass of humanity, live undistinguished lives that are soon forgotten. Some, however, The Life and Death of a Metaphor 2 have meaningful lives-they are shared and repeated, they change how others act and think, and they change: juvenile tokens mature into seasoned figures; their interpretations have a history. Some have careersin law, science, literature, and even philosophy. And some are so full of life they never seem to die. No matter how many times they are used, they retain their metaphorical soul. The most alive gain immortal entry into the Library of Living Metaphors, everlastingly responsive to tireless (and sometimes tiresome) interpreters. Others become dated, ossify, stultify. They go into retirement. And, finally, some die natural deaths. Their metaphorical contents pass into the stock of meanings assigned to the very words used metaphorically, rendering them polysemous though literal. The once metaphorical meaning may supplement the meanings already in place, or it may replace the original (literal) meaning of the word, making the once metaphorical meaning by default its only active, working meaning. Among the latter, some are called 'dead' metaphors, though it is really the literal that is dead. It would be better to call this state the literal afterlife of the metaphor, and there are those who regard it as the great success story for a metaphor. For others, like Richard Rorty, you couldn't wish a worse fate on something than a literal afterdeath. 2 All this talk of the life and death of a metaphor is not just metaphorical. Metaphors, like other things that live and die, are beings, in some ways natural, in other ways artifactual, but either way...

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“…Also related to our work is the large literature that has considered the nature and boundaries of the firm, and when technology transactions will occur in the market or within the firm (Coase (1937), Williamson (1971), Williamson (1975), Williamson (1979), Arrow (1962), Grossman andHart (1986), Davidson and McFetridge (1984) and more recently Irarrazabal et al (2013), Mansfield and Romeo (1980), Bessen (2004) and Ponzetto (2012), Costinot et al (2011)). …”

Section: ) When New Inventions Build On Old Ones It Is Not Clear Whamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recombinant innovation and the boundaries of the firm

Griffith

Lee

Straathof

2014

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Recombinant innovation and the boundaries of the firm Rachel Griffith, Sokbae Lee and Bas Straathof * Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may August 2014Abstract There is considerable interest in understanding how important market frictions are in stifling the transmission of ideas from one firm to another. Although the theoretical literature emphasizes the importance of these frictions, direct empirical evidence on them is limited. We use comprehensive patent data from the European Patent Office and a multiple spells duration model to provide estimates that suggest that they are substantial.It is around 30% more costly to successfully discover and utilize new ideas created in another firm than in your own. This compares to the increased costs of accessing new ideas across national borders of around 5%, and across technologies of around 20%. These result point towards substantial imperfections in the market for technology.

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International Technology Transactions and the Theory of the Firm

Cited by 124 publications

References 0 publications

Corporate decision-making in R&D outsourcing and the impact on internal R&D employment intensity

Corporate decision-making in R&D outsourcing and the impact on internal R&D employment intensity

The Life and Death of a Metaphor, or the Metaphysics of Metaphor

Recombinant innovation and the boundaries of the firm

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