International trends in prostatic cancer

Abstract

The most recent data available demonstrate a 120-fold difference between the lowest and highest incidence rates of prostatic cancer, the disease being very common in North America, particularly among Blacks, and in Scandinavia, while it is rare in Japan and other oriental countries. The highest mortality for prostatic cancer is reported from St. Vincent and Grenadines, Martinique and Bermuda, from countries where the morbidity statistics are not available; the mortality rates reported from the United States and Canada are considerably lower. The incidence of and mortality from prostatic cancer have increased in most countries, in particular in areas with an initially low frequency of this disease. The ratio of mortality to incidence for prostatic cancer varies rather widely, being low in North America, Hawaii and Scandinavia. It is suggested that the observed variation in the mortality to incidence ratio for prostatic cancer could be due to differences in diagnostic practices between countries. This could explain, at least in part, the fact that the increasing trends of prostatic cancer incidence in North America are not accompanied by an increase in mortality from this tumour. This notion, however, does not exclude advances in treatment as possible determinants of the improved survival rate from prostatic cancer in this part of the world. The available statistics on prostatic cancer are based on the sum of clinically diagnosed carcinomas and those latent tumours found unexpectedly at prostatectomy and autopsy. The proportion of latent carcinomas among all prostatic cancer cases depends on the detection rate and varies from country to country, thus casting uncertainty on the comparability of prostatic cancer statistics from different areas. To avoid confusion in the statistics of prostatic cancer, it would be useful to consider introducing latent prostatic cancer as a separate entity in the next revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Role of p53, PUMA, and Bax in wogonin-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells

“…One of the most desirable goals in cancer chemoprevention is the identification of natural agents with demonstrable efficacy against defined molecular targets. In contrast to the high incidence of prostate cancer in North America, the incidence of this disease in East Asia is very low [7,8]. The low incidence of prostate cancer in Asian men has been attributed to the dietary consumption of large amounts of plant-based foods rich in phytochemicals [9][10][11].…”

Adipose Stem Cell-Based Therapeutic Targeting of Residual Androgens in African Americans with Metastatic Prostate Cancer

“…African-American (AA) men bear a disproportionately heavy burden from this disease with incidence and mortality rates over 50% higher than Caucasian American (CA) men [3,4]. Furthermore, AA men are more likely to develop CaP at an earlier age, have higher rate of Gleason-7, aggressive tumors, and metastasis, and exhibit a poorer survival rate than CA males [3][4][5][6][7]. Socioeconomic and environmental factors, such as diet, access to care, and screening, have been cited as factors contributing to the more clinically aggressive CaP in AA patients [8,9].…”

Genetic Epidemiology of Hereditary Prostate Cancer in Finland

“…With the increased utilization of PSA as a detection method of prostate cancer, it has become increasingly difficult to determine the true range of prostate cancer incidence around the world. However, in studies investigating the differences in prostate cancer mortality, substantial international and ethnic variation remains (Zaridze et al, 1984).…”